Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI)
JBBI, Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology & Bioscience (e-ISSN: 2548-611X & p-ISSN: 2442-2606), is Sinta 2 accredited journal which is published twice annually and provides scientific publication medium for researchers, engineers, practitioners, academicians, and observers in the field related to biotechnology and bioscience. This journal accepts original papers, review articles, case studies, and short communications written in English Language only (starting January 2022). The articles published are peer-reviewed by no less than two referees and cover various biotechnology subjects related to the field of agriculture, industry, health, environment, bioinformatics, as well as life sciences in general. Initiated at the then Biotech Centre, the journal is published by the Laboratory for Biotechnology, the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, BPPT. JBBI's access policy provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. JBBI is indexed by Dimensions, Crossref, Worldcat, Google Scholar, PKP Index, Road, Publons, Sciencegate, Scilit, Openaire, Reviewer Credit, Research Gate, Academic Resource Index, MIAR, SIS, Open Agrar, Base, Citefactor, DRJI, Biblioteka Glowna, Sinta, Garuda, ISJD, and One Search. JBBI, Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (e-ISSN: 2548-611X & p-ISSN: 2442-2606), terbit dua kali setiap tahun dan menyediakan wadah publikasi ilmiah bagi peneliti, perekayasa, praktisi, akademisi, dan pengamat di bidang terkait bioteknologi dan biosains. Jurnal ini menerima karya tulis asli, artikel review, studi kasus, dan komunikasi singkat yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris saja (mulai Januari 2022). Artikel yang dipublikasikan adalah peer-review oleh tidak kurang dari dua mitra bestari dan mencakup berbagai bidang bioteknologi yang terkait dengan bidang pertanian, industri, kesehatan, lingkungan, bioinformatika, serta ilmu kehidupan pada umumnya. Awalnya dirintis Balai Pengkajian Bioteknologi, JBBI kini diterbitkan oleh Balai Bioteknologi, Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT). JBBI memiliki kebijakan akses terbuka (open access) terkait isi publikasinya berdasarkan prinsip bahwa menampilkan hasil penelitian tersedia cuma-cuma bagi masyarakat mendukung pertukaran pengetahuan di tingkat dunia. JBBI diindeks oleh Dimensions, Crossref, Worldcat, Google Scholar, PKP Index, Road, Publons, Sciencegate, Scilit, Openaire, Reviewer Credit, Research Gate, Academic Resource Index, MIAR, SIS, Open Agrar, Base, Citefactor, DRJI, Biblioteka Glowna, Sinta, Garuda, ISJD, dan One Search.
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THE ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata Nees) EXTRACT AGAINST Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv WITH Microscopic-Observation AND Drug-Susceptibility (MODS) METHODE
Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as sambiloto, is empirically used for various treatments, including its ability to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). This study aims to evaluate the growth inhibition activity of M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv using sambiloto herb extract (Andrographis paniculata). The sambiloto extract was prepared using the maceration method. M. tuberculosis was grown on MODS medium, and the toxicity of sambiloto (A. paniculata) was analyzed using pharmacokinetic prediction studies (pkCMS). The results showed that at concentrations of 0.255 mg/ml, 1.275 mg/ml, and 2.55 mg/ml of sambiloto extract, M. tuberculosis growth occurred on days 7 to 14. Further observations were made until day 28, and it was found that starting at a concentration of 6.375 mg/ml, sambiloto extract did not show M. tuberculosis growth in MODS medium. The positive control, isoniazid, did not show bacterial growth, while the negative control showed extensive bacterial growth on day 12. The determination of M. tuberculosis growth was based on microscopic observations of the bacterial colonies, focusing on cord formation. In conclusion, this study, the use of an extract with a concentration of 6.375 mg/ml in the MODS method showed no growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, indicating that the extract is effective in inhibiting bacterial growth at this concentration. The online pkCSM test conducted in this study showed that the extract used is not cytotoxic, meaning that the extract is safe for body cells and does not cause cellular damage. Therefore, it has the potential to be an adjunct therapy in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asarini, Syamsudin Abdillah, Yulvian Sani, Gemini Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF AMMONIUM-BASED NPK FERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH OF MANGROVE SEEDLINGS Rhizopora mucronata AND Rhizopora stylosa
Mangroves play an important role in coastal ecosystems, but their growth is often limited by nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) availability. The use of ammonium-based fertilizers can provide additional benefits by accelerating the growth of mangrove seedlings. This study examines the influence of various doses of ammonium-based NPK fertilizers on the growth of two mangrove species, Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora stylosa, The study was carried out in two different places with distinct environmental characteristics, Rhizophora mucronata was planted near land, whereas Rhizophora stylosa was planted in open areas near the sea. The seedlings received dosages of ammonium-based NPK fertilizer. Periodic measurements of growth characteristics, including leaf length, root length, plant height, and SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) index, were conducted and tested statistically. Rhizophora mucronata responded effectively to ammonium-based fertilizer treatment, increasing plant height, root length, and chlorophyll content at an optimal dose of 0.9 grams per, although shoot growth decreased. These data show that Rhizophora mucronata is more responsive to ammonium- based fertilizer treatments than is Rhizophora stylosa under the evaluated environmental conditions, although the fertilizer dosage had no significant effect.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fasa Aditya Hanindipto, Fathin Rasima Daulay, Sarwendah Puji Rahayu, Izma Putri Irsani, Alfina Rizki Rachmani, Helga Evangelina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE POTENCY OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LEAVES AS A NATURAL DISINFECTANT AND ANTISEPTIC INGREDIENT
Preventing the spread of nosocomial infection are generally carried out by disinfection process of the tools to be used with chemical disinfectant such as phenol, alcohol, chlorine, iodine or sublimate. Excessive use of chemicals can cause health problems. Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) have long been empirically used to treat diarrhea and acne. Scientific data shows that guava leaves have positive activity against several types of pathogenic bacteria due to its tannin content. Guava leaves have the potential to be developed as a disinfectant and antiseptic material. This study aims to determine the disinfection activity of guava leaves on surgical instruments using the total plate count method, skin irritation test using patch test method and quantify the tannin content in young and old guava leaves using spectrophotometry method. The results showed that the tannin content in old and young guava leaves was 68.73 ± 0.067 mg/g (6.873%) and young 61.87 ± 0.046 mg/g (6.187%). At concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40% guava leaf extract were able to reduce the total plate count in surgical instrument samples by 6.85; 37; 80.82; and 83.56%. The primary irritation index of 0.05 only occurs at a concentration of 40%, classified as non-irritant. It can be concluded that guava leaves have the potential to be further developed as a natural disinfectant or antiseptic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Mahyuni, Oom Komala, Ike Yulia Wiendarlina, Muhammad Fajar Saeful Fatah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE COMPARISON BETWEEN LOGISTIC REGRESSION AND CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS PREDICTION
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that resist at least two first-line anti-TB drugs. This disease presents a major global health challenge, particularly affecting middle to lower income countries where affordable and rapid diagnostic tools are urgently needed. To address this, researchers are exploring the combination of whole genome sequencing and machine learning for drug resistance predictions. Using Mycobacterium tuberculosis genomic data from databases, both Logistic Regression (LR) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were trained to predict drug resistance. Performance evaluation revealed that CNN slightly outperformed LR in accuracy and specificity for Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide predictions, while LR showed better results for Isoniazid and Ethambutol. In terms of sensitivity, LR demonstrated superior performance for most drugs, except Ethambutol where CNN excelled. Though computational complexity assessment was incomplete due to hardware limitations, both models showed distinct advantages in predicting first-line anti-TB drug resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Albert Widjaja, Satrio Wibowo, Arli Aditya Parikesit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
FROZEN SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF BALI BULL IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
One factor that affects frozen semen characteristics is bull age. Increasing age induces changes in sperm that reduce frozen semen quality. This study aimed to evaluate the frozen semen characteristics of Bali bulls aged 3, 8, and 13 years. Frozen semen was derived from fresh semen with sperm motility > 70%. The frozen semen characteristics tested included motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and sperm abnormalities. Sperm motility was analyzed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Viability was assessed using eosin-nigrosin staining; plasma membrane integrity was assessed using the hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST); acrosome integrity was assessed using Giemsa staining; and sperm abnormalities were assessed using Williams staining. The plasma membrane integrity of the 13-year-old group was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the younger age groups. However, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the other parameters. We conclude that age affects the integrity of the sperm plasma membrane in frozen semen from Bali bulls.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brilla Widya Witri, Iis Arifiantini, Wahono Esthi Prasetyaningtyas, Ni Wayan Kurniani Karja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
OPTIMIZING VIRGIN COCONUT OIL YIELD AND QUALITY USING LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM BLONDO WITH CHILLING-THAWING METHOD
Increasing demand for Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) presents a promising opportunity to improve the economy in Indonesia. Various methods for VCO production have been explored to optimize yield and ensure desirable organoleptic and physicochemical qualities. Modifying the oil extraction process often necessitates costly equipment. In this study, VCO was extracted by combining the chilling-thawing method with the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from blondo. The process began with the isolation and characterization of LAB isolates, followed by the application of the chilling-thawing method and addition of 2% LAB starter, then assessed for their consumer preference through a questionnaire. This innovative process yielded VCO at a rate of 35.78-46.65% using three LAB isolates (BAL 1-3) from blondo samples, representing an improvement over previous studies employing similar methodologies. Moreover, hedonic evaluation revealed a higher consumer preference for LAB-treated VCO compared to the control, further highlighting the effectiveness of LAB treatment in combination with the chilling-thawing method.
Copyright (c) 2025 Riri Rimbun Anggih Chaidir, Ainun Jariah, Gita Addelia Nevara, Tri Murti, Andini Cindy Rohayu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL EXTENDERS IN CRYOPRESERVING SEMEN OF LOCAL INDONESIAN RAMS
Indonesian local sheep represent a particular species of sheep reared by farmers on small-scale farms. Semen freezing can be performed using either a homemade or commercial extender. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of several commercial extenders in freezing Indonesian local sheep. Semen was collected from three mature and healthy rams using an artificial vagina and evaluated. It was determined that only samples exhibiting sperm motility levels of greater than 70% would be included in the study. Subsequently, the semen from each ram was divided into three portions and diluted with Andromed, Sterydil, and OptiXcell, respectively. The frozen semen was then evaluated 24 hours post-freezing. The thawing process was conducted individually at 37°C for 30 seconds. The evaluation encompassed a range of metrics, including sperm motility, viability, and the presence of any abnormalities, in addition to the recovery rate. The results indicated that sperm frozen in Optixcell and Sterydil extenders exhibited superior motility, viability, and recovery rate than Andromed. The study also demonstrated no interaction between individual Ram and extender, and no differences were found between individuals. The study concluded that Optixcell and Sterydil extenders effectively froze Indonesian local sheep semen.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dedi Rahmat Setiadi, Magfira, Ronny Markus Jami Riwu, R Iis Arifiantini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EXTRACT AND FRACTIONS EXPLORATION OF DAYAK ONION (Eleutherine America-na Merr.) WITH ANTIOXIDANTS POTENTIAL USING GC-MS and FTIR METHODS
Free radicals can cause various diseases in the body if not treated immediately. Large levels of free radicals may trigger damage to normally functioning tissues, lipid layers, blood vessels, DNA synthesis disturbances, and even destruction of cells. The objective is to evaluate the antioxidants potential of dayak onion extract and fractions. FTIR spectrophotometers, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and an antioxidants multimode reader are some of the research methods. The outcomes of this research are identifying plants that showed the dayak onion extract of the species Eleutherine Americana Merr. It contains compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. In addition, the components found in the extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction are octadecanoic acid 298 m/z, 9-octadecanoic acid 282 m/z, undecanoic acid 214 m/z, hexadecanoic acid 368 m/z, and nonadecanoic acid 326 m/z. Therefore, the antioxidants test using the DPPH method showed that the best IC50 value is for ethyl acetate with IC50 20.56 ppm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novi Elisa; Yustisia Dian Advistasari, Jaka Seprianto Lepangkari, Muhammad Haqqi Hidayatullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ORAL WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF Stachytarpheta jamaicensis ROOT EXTRACT GEL IN WISTAR RATS
The Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L) Vahl root contains bioactive compounds like saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and terpenoids, which have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigates the wound healing effects of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L) Vahl root extract gel in oral mucosa. The experiment involved 28 male Wistar rats, divided into four groups: a positive control treated with povidone iodine 10%, a negative control treated with gel base, and two experimental groups treated with 6% and 10% S. jamaicensis root extract gels. The gel was applied twice daily, and wound healing was assessed by epithelial thickness, inflammation cell and hydroxyproline content. Both concentrations of S. jamaicensis root extract gel significantly enhanced wound healing, as shown by increased epithelial thickness, inflammation cell and hydroxyproline content levels compared to the negative control. These findings suggest that S. jamaicensis root extract gel effectively promotes wound healing in the excision wound model.
Copyright (c) 2025 Juliyatin Putri Utami, Yusrinie Wasiaturrahmah, Amy Nindia Carabelly, Didit Aspriyanto, Yanuar Ichrom Nahzi, Rahmad Arifin, Nur Ramadhaniyah, Habibi Naufal Jatmiko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
BLOOD SMEAR EXAMINATION AND DIFFERENTIAL COUNT IN RATS WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI ESBL AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE CARBAPENEMASE INFECTIONS
Sepsis is an irregular body response to severe infection, triggering uncontrolled inflammation that can lead to extensive tissue damage. It can progress to septic shock with multiple organ failure, resulting in death if left untreated. Laboratory examinations, such as leukocyte differential count in hematology, help understand the distribution pattern of white blood cells associated with health conditions. Laboratory research was conducted on mice injected with E. coli ESBL or K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. After 24 hours, observations were made on apoptosis in the spleen and liver of mice. Mouse blood was processed to count white blood cell types with a differential count. The results were analyzed to compare the control group with the bacterial infection groups of E. coli ESBL and K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. The research results indicate that the neutrophil count in the E. coli ESBL group is still within the normal range and lower (44.5±1.915%) compared to the K. pneumoniae carbapenemase group (55.75±8.342%). Similarly, the lymphocyte count in the E. coli ESBL group is within the normal range and lower (77.5±3.109%) compared to the K. pneumoniae carbapenemase group (91.25±7.588%). This highlights the crucial role of neutrophils and lymphocytes in responding to severe bacterial infections such as K. pneumoniae carbapenemase. Previous studies indicate neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia as markers of severe bacterial infections. Neutrophils are the primary defense against bacterial infections and can be rapidly recruited to the infection site, while specific infections can trigger prolonged neutrophil recruitment from hematopoietic tissues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Kharisul Ihsan, Imam Agus Faizal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DECOLORIZATION OF TEXTILE DYES WITH CRUDE LIGNINOLYTIC ENZYMES FROM Coriolopsis caperata
The textile industry is a major contributor to global water pollution, releasing an estimated 280,000 tons of synthetic dyes annually into aquatic ecosystems. These dyes, particularly azo compounds, are often toxic, mutagenic, and resistant to conventional wastewater treatment methods. Microbial enzymatic degradation, especially by white-rot fungi, offers a promising eco-friendly alternative. This study aimed to optimize the production of ligninolytic enzymes—Laccase (Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP)—from Coriolopsis caperata, and assess their efficiency in degrading two azo dyes: Reactive Red 21 (RR21) and Reactive Orange 107 (RO107). The fungus, isolated from the Peat Swamp Forest in Sebangau, Central Kalimantan, was cultured in a modified glucose-peptone medium enriched with veratryl alcohol. The optimization parameters included variations in time, dye concentration, and the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Enzyme activity was quantified spectrophotometrically, and dye decolorization was assessed over time at different dye concentrations. Among the enzymes, Lac showed the highest activity (4938.05 U/L), followed by LiP (995.26 U/L) and MnP (246.47 U/L). These values notably exceed several previously reported benchmarks for fungal enzyme activity. RO107 demonstrated greater susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, with 83.71% decolorization achieved at 24 hours, while RR21 reached 65.71% at 48 hours. The addition of 1 mM H₂O₂ significantly enhanced decolorization, increasing RR21 and RO107 removal to 95.71% and 99.30%, respectively. These results underscore the oxidative synergy between H₂O₂ and ligninolytic enzymes, particularly LiP and MnP. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential scalability of C. caperata-based enzymatic treatment systems for textile effluent bioremediation, supporting compliance with environmental discharge regulations and contributing to sustainable wastewater management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Retno Agnestisia, Karelius Karelius, Efriyana Oksal, Yanetri Asi Nion https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE DIVERSITY AND CHARACTERISATION OF CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES IN OIL PALM PLANTATION
The utilisation of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) remains underexplored. Harnessing cellulolytic microorganisms for the production of cellulase enzymes offers sustainable approach to addressing waste management challenges while aligning with the principles of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and address waste management challenges. This study aims to isolate, characterize, identify, and test the potential cellulase activity of cellulolytic bacteria from EFB taken from three different locations: PO code from organic fertilizer plantations (POU1, POU2, POU3), PL code from oil palm plantations (PLU1, PLU2, PLU3), and PK code from Sulung mills (PKU1, PKU2, PKU3). This study used three isolated cultures in its testing. The research process includes sample preparation, bacterial isolation, gram staining, catalase test, hypersensitivity test, DNA amplification, bioinformatics analysis and cellulase activity analysis. The results of the bacterial isolation obtained 28 colonies. The results of the characterisation were all 3 non-pathogenic bacterial isolates, with a positive catalase test. The result of staining Gram-negative with bacilli-shaped bacteria. The amplification results obtained a band size of 1500 bp. The results of the identification obtained the species Aeromonas enteropelogenes, Nitrosomonas stercoris, and Methylobacillus caricis. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed low homology. Cellulase activity of six positive isolates with medium ability isolates code POU3 (1.3), PLU2 (1.0), PLU3 (1.0); low isolates POU1 (0.2), POU2 (0.2), PLU (0.8) and 3 negative isolates no enzyme activity PKU1 (-1), PKU2 (-1), and PKU3 (-1).
Copyright (c) 2025 Edo Agam Pamungkas, Sylvia Madusari, Halida Adistya Putri, Risa Rosita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECT OF GROWING MEDIA ON THE GROWTH OF Streptomyces sp. AND Trichoderma harzianum AS ANTHRACNOSE DISEASE BIOCONTROL
Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma harzianum is a biological agent that is effective in controlling Colletotrichum capsici, the cause of disease in chili plants. Different growing media can affect the growth and activity of these two microorganisms. This study aims to evaluate the growth of Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma harzianum on various media, namely rice washing water, coconut water, and sugar potato extract. The research phase includes growing media test, effectiveness test of Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma harzianum in chili peppers, and effectiveness test of Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma harzianum on chili seeds. The results showed that the medium of rice washing water is more suitable for Streptomyces sp., coconut water media is more suitable for Trichoderma harzianum, and rice washing water media is more suitable for the combination of the two biological agents. Optimal growth in these media affect the effectiveness of biocontrol in suppressing the severity of anthracnose disease in chili.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nia Rulinggar, Tri Mujoko, Yenny Wuryandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROPLASTIC DEGRADING BACTERIA IN THREE LANDFILLS OF LAMPUNG PROVINCE
Microplastics are durable and contain harmful compounds that can be absorbed into the soil and enter the food chain, posing a risk to human health and the environment. One of the efforts to reduce its impact is to utilize bacteria as biodegradation agents. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize microplastic degrading bacteria from three landfills in Lampung Province, and determine their degradation rate. The research method used a quantitative descriptive approach, including the isolation stage with the pouring technique, degradation tests using Polystyrene, Polyethylene Terepthalate, and Polyethylene measuring 1x1 cm and identification using Vitek-2. The results of the study from nine bacterial isolates that were successfully purified, three of them showed the highest ability to degrade. The weight reduction result on PS plastic sample was 22.2% by Bacillus circulans, PET sample was 15.9% by Pandoraea spp. and PE sample was 36.2% by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jeni Latri Hening, Marlina Kamelia, Andri Jaya Kesuma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KINEMATICS OF SPERMATOZOA IN FRESH AND FROZEN SEMEN OF PESISIR CATTLE
This study aimed to evaluate the quality and kinematics of spermatozoa in fresh and frozen semen of coastal cattle. Semen of coastal cattle was collected using an artificial vagina from 2 males, fresh semen was tested and frozen using tris egg yolk diluent. Fresh and frozen semen of coastal cattle were evaluated using a Computer Assisted Sperm Analyzer (CASA). This study used a t-test analysis by comparing the quality and kinematics of spermatozoa of fresh semen and frozen semen of coastal cattle. The parameters observed were macroscopic, microscopic and CASA quality observations. The results showed the kinematics of fresh and frozen semen motility (83.83%; 71.68%) and the kinematics of progressive motility of fresh and frozen semen (80.81%; 59.56%). Based on the results of the t-test analysis, it was found that t count > t table, the kinematics of fresh semen spermatozoa had a significant effect on the frozen semen of Pesisir cattle on the motility of fresh semen and frozen semen, on the progressive motility of fresh semen and frozen semen. The characteristic values ​​of kinematics in fresh semen and frozen semen of Pesisir cattle were respectively velocity curvilinear (VCL) 178.94 μm/s and 108.52 μm/s; velocity straight line (VSL) 96.61 μm/s and 49.34 μm/s; velocity average path (VAP) 114.99 μm/s and 64.04 μm/s; linearity (LIN) 0.53% and 0.44%; straightness (STR) 0.83% and 0.75%; wobble (WOB) 0.64% and 0.58%; lateral head displacement (ALH) amplitude 5.83 μm and 5.15 μm; beat cross frequency (BCF) 35.28 Hz and 24.65 Hz. The kinematics of fresh and frozen semen spermatozoa significantly affect the value of motility characteristics. The conclusion of the results of this study is that there is a decrease in the quality of fresh semen kinematics and frozen semen kinematics spermatozoa on the value of motility characteristics, namely on the speed of spermatozoa at the velocity curvilinear (VCL), velocity straight line (VSL), and velocity average path (VAP), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), and wobble (WOB) and on the distance value of spermatozoa amplitude lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat cross frequency (BCF).
Copyright (c) 2025 Rio Ramadhan, Ananda, Hendri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF POST-PRODUCTION SHELF TIME ON THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOY MILK
This study was conducted to analyze the effect of post-production storage time on antioxidant activity in soy milk. Antioxidants are compounds that can ward off free radicals, so it is important to know their stability over time. The storage time used in this study was 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 hours post-production. Antioxidant activity testing was carried out using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Qualitatively, the color change of the DPPH solution was observed from purple to light yellow, while quantitatively the absorbance value was measured using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The inhibition value and IC50 were calculated to determine the strength of antioxidant activity in soy milk. The results showed that soy milk with a storage time of 1 hour had the best antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 28.19 μg/ml which was classified as very strong. At 4 hours of storage time, the IC50 value of 37.28 μg/ml is classified as moderate, while at 7 hours and 10 hours the IC50 values ​​were 146.95 μg/ml and 119.38 μg/ml, respectively, which are also classified as moderate. At 13 hours, the antioxidant activity decreased drastically with an IC50 value of 228.90 μg/ml, which is classified as very weak. The antioxidant activity of soy milk decreased with increasing storage time. Factors such as temperature, light, and components of soy milk contribute to the degradation of antioxidant activity. Therefore, consumption of soy milk should be done within a shorter time after production to obtain optimal antioxidant benefits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fadhillah, Khoiron Nazip, Meilinda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTATION IN EGG YOLK CITRATE EXTENDER OPTIMIZES BANGKOK ROOSTER SEMEN QUALITY DURING COLD STORAGE
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different vitamin C concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g/100 mL) in egg yolk citrate extender and storage time (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) on the quality of Bangkok rooster semen stored at 5°C. Using a split-plot-in-time design with four replications, semen quality was assessed for motility, viability, abnormality, intact plasma membrane (IPM), and longevity. Results showed a significant interaction (P<0.01) between vitamin C concentration and storage time on motility, and significant effects (P<0.05) on viability, abnormality, and IPM. The 0.2 g vitamin C dose preserved >40% motility and >50% viability for 96 hours and extended sperm longevity up to 11.25±0.95 days. These findings suggest that 0.2 g/100 mL vitamin C is the optimal concentration for preserving rooster semen quality during short-term cold storage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ananda, Noval Jumatul Faizal, Jaswandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IDENTIFICATION OF KEY NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY-RELATED GENES IN OIL PALM USING BIOINFORMATICS APPROACHES
Efficient nitrogen use is crucial for maximizing oil palm yield while reducing environmental impact. Poor nitrogen utilization causes excessive growth and nutrient loss. This study uses bioinformatics to identify key genes linked to nitrogen use efficiency, providing insights for genetic improvement and sustainable cultivation.Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, functional enrichment, and structural modeling were employed to uncover candidate genes regulating nitrogen uptake and metabolism. Sixty-two nitrogen use efficiency associated genes from rice (Oryza sativa) were analyzed via BLASTp against the E. guineensis genome (NCBI), selecting those with >80% similarity. PPI networks were constructed using STRING-db and analyzed in Cytoscape v3.7.1. Functional enrichment (Gene Ontology) and structural analysis (AlphaFold, PyMol v2.5.4) were performed. Twelve nitrogen use efficiency related genes were identified, with CESA4, CESA7, and CESA9 emerging as key regulators based on high degree and betweenness values in PPI analysis. These genes are linked to plant cell wall biosynthesis. Structural analysis showed high similarity to rice homologs, with RMSD values of 0.338 Å (CESA4) and 0.396 Å (CESA9), indicating strong conservation area. Their structural relevance suggests they are promising targets for molecular breeding marker to enhance nitrogen utilization and sustainability in oil palm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Galuh Wening Permatasari, Retno Diah Setiowati, Sri Wening https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IN-SILICO ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN D7 PROTEIN FROM THE SALIVARY GLAND OF Ae. albopictus AND Thromboxane A2 FOR DEVELOPING ANTIPLATELET AGENT
The salivary glands of mosquito vector diseases contain various biological components which facilitate blood-feeding into the host's body. These components are mostly protein molecules. Numerous protein molecules in the salivary glands have gained substantial research emphasis to determine their role and function, including those in the salivary glands of Ae. albopictus. D7 protein is the main component in Aedes salivary glands, which aids in inhibiting platelet aggregation by binding to the Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) during the blood-feeding. TxA2 is a eicosanoid molecule that stimulates platelet aggregation. The protein's ability to bind TxA2 shows that this protein has potential as a new antiplatelet agent. The examination of the D7 protein in binding TxA2 was performed through an in-silico approach using the molecular docking method. This research included selecting the 3D model of the D7 protein and the TxA2 ligand, preparing the 3D model of the D7 protein, native ligands, and test ligands, targeted molecular docking method, validating the molecular docking, analysis and visualization of the docking results. The molecular docking validation shows an RMSD value of 1.657 Å. The results of molecular docking show an ΔG value of -5.60 kcal/mol, meaning that the D7 protein can bind to the TxA2 ligand stably and spontaneously. The active site of the D7 protein in binding the TxA2 ligand consists of several amino acid residues, namely THR 190, GLU 268, TYR 178, PHE 154, ILE 175, ARG176, VAL 293, TYR 248, and TYR 178. The ability of D7 protein to bind TxA2 as an inducer of platelet aggregation has demonstrated its potential as a novel antiplatelet agent. These results can pave further development of drug discovery in the medical and pharmaceutical fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syubbanul Wathon, Kartika Senjarini, Rike Oktarianti, Asmoro Lelono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON THE ABUNDANCE OF MACROZOOBENTHOS IN KUNGKILAN RIVER, SOUTH SUMATERA
Macrozoobenthos are effective bioindicators for assessing freshwater ecosystem health. This study examines the influence of physicochemical parameters and spatial-temporal variation on macrozoobenthic abundance in the Kungkilan River, South Sumatera. Sampling was conducted at upstream, midstream, and downstream sites. Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) analysis revealed that water depth and transparency had significant positive effects, while iron (Fe) in sediment had a negative effect. Random effects analysis showed that site-level variability (variance = 0.680) was far greater than temporal variability, indicating that spatial differences—especially in the midstream zone—were the dominant drivers of community structure. These findings highlight the importance of localized conservation efforts and reinforce the role of macrozoobenthos as reliable indicators of river health in tropical ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novin Teristiandi, Meta Yuliana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECTS OF ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN CATTLE: A REVIEW
Zinc is a vital micronutrient involved in various reproductive processes in cattle. This review aims to evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation on cattle reproductive performance by analyzing research articles sourced from Scopus and PubMed databases. Findings indicate that zinc supplementation, provided in either organic or inorganic forms, positively influences reproductive parameters. In bulls, zinc enhances sperm motility, viability, and ejaculate volume. In female cattle, supplementation modulates endocrine hormone levels during both pre-calving and post-calving periods. Moreover, appropriate zinc dosages and supplementation durations contribute to improved reproductive efficiency in cows. These results support the conclusion that zinc supplementation is effective in enhancing reproductive performance in cattle.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syahrir Akil, Erni Damayanti, Daud Samsudewa, Hikmayani Iskandar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0