Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI)
JBBI, Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology & Bioscience (e-ISSN: 2548-611X & p-ISSN: 2442-2606), is Sinta 2 accredited journal which is published twice annually and provides scientific publication medium for researchers, engineers, practitioners, academicians, and observers in the field related to biotechnology and bioscience. This journal accepts original papers, review articles, case studies, and short communications written in English Language only (starting January 2022). The articles published are peer-reviewed by no less than two referees and cover various biotechnology subjects related to the field of agriculture, industry, health, environment, bioinformatics, as well as life sciences in general. Initiated at the then Biotech Centre, the journal is published by the Laboratory for Biotechnology, the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, BPPT. JBBI's access policy provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. JBBI is indexed by Dimensions, Crossref, Worldcat, Google Scholar, PKP Index, Road, Publons, Sciencegate, Scilit, Openaire, Reviewer Credit, Research Gate, Academic Resource Index, MIAR, SIS, Open Agrar, Base, Citefactor, DRJI, Biblioteka Glowna, Sinta, Garuda, ISJD, and One Search. JBBI, Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (e-ISSN: 2548-611X & p-ISSN: 2442-2606), terbit dua kali setiap tahun dan menyediakan wadah publikasi ilmiah bagi peneliti, perekayasa, praktisi, akademisi, dan pengamat di bidang terkait bioteknologi dan biosains. Jurnal ini menerima karya tulis asli, artikel review, studi kasus, dan komunikasi singkat yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris saja (mulai Januari 2022). Artikel yang dipublikasikan adalah peer-review oleh tidak kurang dari dua mitra bestari dan mencakup berbagai bidang bioteknologi yang terkait dengan bidang pertanian, industri, kesehatan, lingkungan, bioinformatika, serta ilmu kehidupan pada umumnya. Awalnya dirintis Balai Pengkajian Bioteknologi, JBBI kini diterbitkan oleh Balai Bioteknologi, Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT). JBBI memiliki kebijakan akses terbuka (open access) terkait isi publikasinya berdasarkan prinsip bahwa menampilkan hasil penelitian tersedia cuma-cuma bagi masyarakat mendukung pertukaran pengetahuan di tingkat dunia. JBBI diindeks oleh Dimensions, Crossref, Worldcat, Google Scholar, PKP Index, Road, Publons, Sciencegate, Scilit, Openaire, Reviewer Credit, Research Gate, Academic Resource Index, MIAR, SIS, Open Agrar, Base, Citefactor, DRJI, Biblioteka Glowna, Sinta, Garuda, ISJD, dan One Search.
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EFFECTS OF SOYBEAN JUICE (Glycine max L.) ON SPERMATOZOA FERTILITY AND TESTICULAR WEIGHT IN RATS (Rattus norvegicus L.)
Soybeans (Glycine max L.) contain isoflavone compounds which can disrupt hormonal balance through negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis causing inhibition of Leydig cell activity and Sertoli cell function. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of giving soybean juice on spermatozoa fertility and testicular weight in rats (Rattus norvegicus L.). This type of experimental research was structured based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) pattern consisting of 4 treatments and 6 replications, namely K (control/drinking water), P1 (7.1 g/kgBW/day), P2 (14.2 g/kgBW/day) and P3 (21.3 g/kgBW/day). Soybean extract was given for 49 days, and on the 50th day the rats were sacrificed and dissected to observe variables in the form of testicular weight and spermatozoa fertility (morphology, pH and viscosity). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further BNT test α=0.05. The results showed that administration of soybean extract caused a decrease in the percentage of testicular weight and spermatozoa fertility. Testicular weight is K=0.98 g. P1=1.08 g, P2=0.77g and P3=0.62 g. The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa morphology increased, namely K = 17.8%, P1 = 37.0%, P2 = 47.7%, P3 = 56.0%. The acidity of sperm pH increases, namely K= 7.50, P1=6.17, P2=5.67, and P3=5.83. Sperm-matozoa viscosity decreased, namely K=1.57, P1=1.58, P2= 0.76 and P3=0.77. The results of the study concluded that soybean juice caused a decrease in testicular weight and spermatozoa fertility in mice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wa Ode Harlis, Isdayanti Isdayanti, Nurhayu Malik, Takdir Saili, Resman Resman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH EDUCATION ON FOOTWEAR SELECTION IN REDUCING FOOT ULCER INCIDENCE AMONG PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
The incidence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia is 10.8%. DM is a disease caused by the body's inability to produce insulin, which can lead to complications, one of the most common being foot ulcers. If foot conditions are not properly managed, they will worsen, leading to amputation. Prevention of foot ulcer. nvolves providing education on choosing footwear to reduce the incidence of foot injuries. This study aimed to determine the effect of footwear selection education on the incidence of foot ulcers among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.This research method a quasi-experimental design with a single intervention group. The sample used was 30 respondents, with the research instrument being the Inlow's 60-second diabetic foot screen observation sheet. This study was conducted by collecting pre-test data using the observation sheet on type 2 diabetes mellitus patients participating in Prolanis (Program Pengelolaan Penyakit Kronis), followed by education on footwear selection, evaluation, and post-test data collection over a month, with data processing using the Wilcoxon test.The results showed a decrease in the incidence of foot ulcers followinf the footwear selection education intervention. Statitical analysis indicated a significant effect of footwear selection education on reducing foot ulcer incidence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (p<0.05). Education on footwear selection influences footwear choices among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the Pasar Minggu Community Health Centre. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients are expected to implement the footwear selection provided not only for those undergoing treatment at the community health centre and prolanis but also at other healthcare facilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizki Hidayat, Naziyah Naziyah, Masdiana Masdiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF COMBINED PROPOLIS EXTRACT AND VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTATION ON IL-10 AND CRP
A high-fat diet induces oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, characterized by decreased the effects of propolis extract and vitamin E on IL-10 and CRP levels in male Wistar rats induced by a high-fat Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and increased C-Reactive Protein (CRP). This study aimed to evaluate diet. An experimental post-test only control group design was used, involving 30 rats divided into five groups: healthy control, high-fat diet control, vitamin E, propolis extract, and combination treatment. Interventions were administered for 14 days. Serum IL-10 and CRP levels were measured using ELISA and analysed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that propolis extract and vitamin E significantly increased IL-10 levels (p < 0.05), indicating an improved anti-inflammatory response. However, CRP levels did not show significant differences among groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, both treatments enhanced anti-inflammatory activity through IL-10 modulation but did not significantly affect CRP levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fauziah Rezkiyati Sufath; Joko Wahyu Wibowo, Hadi Sarosa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOEMULGEL OF SAPPAN WOOD EXTRACT (Caesalpinia sappan L.) WITH CMC-Na VARIATION AS GELLING AGENT
Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) contains brazilin, a major bioactive compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. However, its poor water solubility and low chemical stability limit its therapeutic potential, requiring an improved delivery system such as nanoemulgel to enhance penetration, stability, and topical efficacy. Previous research formulated nanoemulgel using 3–5% CMC-Na but did not include particle size analysis or flavonoid content determination, leaving gaps in stability and active compound retention. This study addresses these limitations by developing nanoemulgel with 2%, 3%, and 4% CMC-Na. The extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol, followed by TLC identification and flavonoid quantification via UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, homogeneity, particle size, physical stability, and final flavonoid content. The 3% CMC-Na formulation demonstrated the most balanced characteristics, nano-sized particles, and good overall stability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fikria Marfuatin Nur, Joice Halima Moto, Novamei Indriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALYSIS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL POTENTIAL OF Moringa oleifera LEAF TEA FORMULATION AND NATURAL SPICES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO STUNTING PREVENTION
Stunting prevention efforts require a locally focused, nutrient-rich, and easily accessible approach. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical potential of moringa tea (Moringa oleifera) and various natural spices such as ginger, turmeric, lemongrass, and galangal as natural alternatives in stunting prevention. The research will be carried out from June to December 2024. The methods used include qualitative phytochemical tests to identify active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids/steroids; the formulation of moringa leaf tea and natural spices; and a literature review and meta-analysis of the role of these bioactives in supporting the nutritional status and immune system of children. The results of the analysis showed that moringa tea and spices contain a variety of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulant properties that have the potential to support optimal growth of children. Based on the results of meta-analysis and literature studies, it can be concluded that the phytochemical content of Moringa leaf tea has the potential to prevent stunting in mothers and children. Further research is needed to test the effectiveness of the formula and optimal dosage in clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angga Dwi Prasetyo, Moh. Taufik, Bertina Seviana Putri, A'ida Fajrin Najwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
FACTOR INFLUENCING HEALTHY EATING PATTERNS AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN AGED 3-7 YEARS: LAWRENCE GREEN THEORY APPROACH
Background: Nutrition issues among children in Indonesia remain a significant challenge, with the prevalence of stunting in children under five reaching 24.4% in 2021. Objective: This study aim to analyse the dominant factors affecting healthy eating patterns and nutritional status in children aged 3-7 years: Lawrence Green's theory approach. Material and Methods: Used observational study with a cross-sectional approach, the sample consisted of 44 children. Data collection was carried out using weight scales, microtoises, observation sheets, and food recall questionnaires. Results: Showed that the knowledge level was quite good (52.3%); family support was quite good (56.8%); children's eating patterns were mostly healthy (65.9%); children's nutritional status scored between ≥-2SD and ≤+2SD (65.9%). Heteroscedasticity scatter plot shows a certain pattern, normal PP Plots closely approach the line. Conclusion: That the most dominant factor affecting children's nutritional status is the parents' knowledge level about nutrition and children's eating patterns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Widia Shofa Ilmiah, Rifzul Maulina, Anik Sri Purwanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY POTENTIAL AND VOLATILE COMPOUND PROFILE OF Bacillus sp. HSFI-6 Extract
Antifungal resistance has implications for the development of bioactive compounds. Bacillus sp. has been widely studied for the discovery of antifungal volatile compounds. This study aims to explore the antifungal activity of Bacillus sp. HSFI-6 isolated from sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra Fermented Intestine-HSFI) against Malassezia furfur, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Bacillus sp. HSFI-6 was identified molecularly by 16S rRNA sequencing. Ethyl acetate extract of Bacillus sp. HSFI-6 was produced using media containing starch, yeast, peptone, and its metabolites were profiled using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). A disc diffusion antifungal assay was performed. Bacillus sp. HSFI-6 has 93.47% similarities with Bacillus albus strain MCCC 102146 and moderately inhibit C. albicans (7.00 ± 1.15 mm), A. fumigatus (9.25 ± 0.96 mm). The GC-MS metabolomics analysis showed two antifungal volatile compounds, namely cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl- and cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl-. These results conclude that Bacillus sp. HSFI-6 is suitable for the development of antifungal drugs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maya Dian Rakhmawatie, Mazidatu Khoirinnisa’ Adiyanti, Nur Fadhila Sari, Fadhil Widya Dharma Putra, Kanti Ratnaningrum, Ika Dyah Kurniati, Devita Diatri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF Bacillus spp. IN CONTROLLING Fusarium sp. AND ITS EFFECT ON GROWTH AND PHYTOCHEMICAL OF SHALLOT (Allium ascalonicum L.)
Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is a key horticultural crop in Indonesia, but its productivity is constrained by moler disease caused by Fusarium sp. Chemical fungicides have limited effectiveness and raise environmental concerns, necessitating eco-friendly alternatives such as Bacillus spp. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Bacillus spp. in suppressing moler disease and promoting shallot growth and resistance. A factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed under in vitro and in vivo conditions, with two factors: Fusarium sp. inoculation (with and without) and Bacillus spp. treatments (control, Bcz 14, and Bcz 20). Results demonstrated that Bacillus spp., particularly isolate Bcz 20, significantly reduced disease intensity by up to 73.91% and delayed symptom development. Moreover, Bacillus spp. enhanced plant growth and induced the accumulation of flavonoids and saponins. These findings indicate that Bacillus spp. function as effective biological control agents and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), offering a sustainable strategy to improve shallot productivity while reducing reliance on chemical fungicides.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuningsih Yuningsih, Yenny Wuryandari, Arika Purnawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
INTERACTION OF SCALABILITY PROCESS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS ON MICROALGAE CULTIVATION: LIGHT COLOR AND SALINITY EFFECTS
Scaling up the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris often results in differences in growth performance compared to laboratory-scale cultivation due to increased sensitivity to environmental factors. This study examined the interaction between light color, salinity, and the scale-up process at cultivation volumes of 1, 5, and 10 L using synthetic NaCl media and artificial seawater (ASW). Growth was monitored via optical density measurements. The results indicated that inoculum is a key factor factor influencing the success of scale-up. Cultures transferred during the logarithmic growth phase adapted more quickly and maintained exponential growth, while inoculum from the decline phase showed slower recovery and lower cell density. Red light minimized light stress and promoted higher cell density in both media. Lower salinity promoted faster growth and earlier peak attainment. Changes in dry biomass pigments indicate carotenoid accumulation under high salinity and light stress. The highest biomass yield was achieved when harvested during the logarithmic phase, with ASW medium providing higher productivity. Overall, optimizing inoculum age, light, and salinity is crucial for improving production efficiency during the C. vulgaris scale-up process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nina Juliana Roberta Turnip, Rayke Dhiya F., Yuelia Salsabilla, Ulil Afni, Lestari Lestari, Deviany Deviany, Andri Sanjaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
CHARACTERISTICS AND KINEMATICS OF RAM SPERMATOZOA MOVEMENT IN FERTILIZATION MEDIUM USING SERICIN
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sericin on quality and kinematics of spermatozoa movement in fertilization medium and substituted for BSA in PEIV. Spermatozoa preparation was done with and without swim-up. Each group was incubated in fertilization medium with BSA, sericin 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and evaluated after addition of fertilization medium,15, 30, 60 minute. The results showed that the progressive motility values, sericin 0,5% group were higher than other groups (P<0.05). Membrane integrity showed differences between treatments. The VCL value showed no difference except for 0 and 30 minute swim-up group, sericin 0.5% was higher (P<0.05). VAP, VSL, LIN, and STR had no difference. The ALH at 30 minute swim-up and 60 minute without swim-up, sericin 0.5% were higher than others (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of sericin 0,5% has potential to replace BSA, sericin 0.5% can maintain quality and show early signs of hyperactivation of spermatozoa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arindya Andrian, Ni Wayan Kurniani Karja, Mohamad Agus Setiadi, Ekayanti Mulyawati Kaiin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF DYSMENORRHEA THERAPY EXERCISE AND TURMERIC-TAMARIND HERBAL DRINK ON REDUCING DYSMENORRHEA LEVELS IN STIKES TULUNGAGUNG STUDENTS
Dysmenorrhea is a stabbing pain in the lower abdomen and thighs, commonly affecting women aged 18–21 years, often due to immature reproductive organs. Many young women are unaware of effective pain reduction methods. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of dysmenorrhea therapy exercise and turmeric-tamarind herbal drink in reducing menstrual pain among STIKES Tulungagung students. A quasi-experimental design with two intervention groups using a pretest–posttest approach, involving 30 female students aged 18–23 years with regular cycles and pain scores of 1–10 on the NRS. Interventions included dysmenorrhea exercise or turmeric-tamarind drink for three days. Pain levels were measured using the Numeric Rating Scale, and data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). Both groups showed significant reductions in pain (p < 0.001). These results support the adoption of non-pharmacological methods such as exercise and herbal drinks for dysmenorrhea management in educational health promotion programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ria Anggraini, Andyanita Hanif Hermawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SYNTHESIS AND ANTIOXIDATION OF AVOCADO (Persea Americana) LEAVES EXTRACT BY ABTS METHOD IN VITRO
Antioxidants play a role in inhibiting the development of metabolic syndrome, which is associated with several diseases. Increased free radical production can cause the body's system to require support from other antioxidants. The use of synthetic antioxidants is still limited due to their potential side effects. Natural antioxidants from natural ingredients, such as Avocado leaves, are needed. The purpose of this study was to determine compounds with antioxidant potential by testing the synthesis and bioequivalence of Avocado leaves extract in Vitro. The research methods used were Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and ABTS assay. The results of the FTIR analysis of the Avocado leaves extract showed that the functional groups of organic compound molecules were N-H, H-C=O, C=C, C-O-H, and C-N. This result indicated that the Avocado extract contained phenolic compounds. GC-MS analysis result showed that the phytochemical components with the highest abundance in the Avocado leaves extract were the compounds at peak numbers 1 and 4, namely 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (CAS) and 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-(CAS). Antioxidant test showed a linear regression equation of y = 0.267x + 35.007, R2 = 0.9491. This linear regression equation can be interpreted as a very strong and positive correlation. The IC50 value of Avocado leaves extract was 56.154, that categorized as a very strong antioxidant property. So it can be said that Avocado leaves extract has potential as an antioxidant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yustisia Dian Advistasari, Novi Elisa, Wulan Kartika Sari, Ainun Fawaid, Dhimas Adhityasmara, Claudius Hendraman B. Tobi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IN SILICO EVALUATION OF FLAVONOIDS FROM ACALYPHA INDICA L. AS Α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to pose a significant global health burden, highlighting the urgent need for safer and more effective therapeutic agents with minimal adverse effects. One promising strategy involves targeting α-glucosidase, a key enzyme in postprandial glucose regulation, using bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants. Acalypha indica, a tropical species widely used in traditional medicine, contains diverse flavonoids with potential antidiabetic activity; however, their molecular mechanisms remain insufficiently explored. This study employed an in silico approach to systematically evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of five flavonoids from A. indica—mauritanin, repandusinic acid, hesperetin, glucogalin, and acaindinin. Molecular docking analysis using AutoDock revealed that all compounds exhibited favorable binding affinities toward the α-glucosidase enzyme (PDB ID: 5NN8), indicating spontaneous interactions at the active site. Among them, mauritanin demonstrated the highest binding affinity (–10.3 kcal/mol), forming multiple stabilizing hydrogen bonds with critical catalytic residues, including ASP69, HIS279, and GLU411. Notably, both mauritanin and repandusinic acid showed stronger binding interactions compared to the standard inhibitor acarbose, suggesting superior inhibitory potential. Further interaction analysis using LigPlot+ and Discovery Studio Visualizer confirmed stable ligand–enzyme complex formation, while ADMET predictions using SwissADME indicated favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including good oral bioavailability, low toxicity risk, and absence of major cytochrome P450 inhibition. Overall, these findings identify mauritanin and repandusinic acid as promising lead compounds for α-glucosidase inhibition and support the therapeutic potential of A. indica as a natural source for antidiabetic drug development. This study provides a strong computational foundation for future experimental validation and drug design efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Fendy Prasetyawan, Yuneka Saristiana, Imam Agus Faizal, Meri Meri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALYSIS OF L-Asparaginase II ENZYME ACTIVITY FROM NATIVE AND RECOMBINANT Escherichia coli DH10B FOR THE APPLICATION OF ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA THERAPY
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a blood cancer that occurs due to abnormal proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells. L-asparaginase II is an enzyme used to treat this disease by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells encoded by the AnsB gene. Previous studies have shown complications and toxicity in commercial L-asparaginase, necessitating exploration of L-asparaginase sources. Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 is one of the microorganisms that encodes the AnsB gene. This study consisted of inoculation of native E. coli DH10B and E. coli DH10B pET28a(+)_AnsB, molecular validation, enzyme activity testing using direct nesslerisation method, and analysis of extracellular and intracellular protein profiles using SDS-PAGE. Enzyme activity and protein profiles were compared with S. plymuthica UBCF_13, and Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction was performed on each bacteria as a comparison. The results showed the highest L-asparaginase II enzyme activity in E. coli DH10B pET28a(+)_AnsB induced with IPTG with an average enzyme activity of 0.392 ± 0.017 U/mL. Protein profile analysis using SDS-PAGE supported this finding, showing a thicker 36.5 kDa protein band compared to other bacteria. Statistical testing using One Way ANOVA showed a significant difference in L-asparaginase II enzyme activity in native E. coli DH10B and E. coli DH10B pET28a(+)_AnsB. It can be concluded that there was an increase in activity in recombinant E. coli DH10B compared to its native.
Copyright (c) 2026 Keysha Putri Febiona, Dian Pertiwi, Arni Amir, Lily Syukriani, Dessy Arisanty, Almurdi Almurdi, Lisana Shiddiqin Aliya, Jamsari Jamsari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMOKING STATUS AND DIAGNOSED HEART DISEASE AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN INDONESIA: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2023 NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY
Heart disease remains a leading contributor to illness and mortality among older adults globally, including in Indonesia. Although smoking is a well-established cardiovascular risk factor, limited national evidence has explored its relationship with heart disease among the Indonesian elderly. This study utilized data from 97,339 adults aged ≥60 years obtained from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia/SKI) to examine the association between smoking status and physician-diagnosed heart disease, considering various sociodemographic factors. Key variables included age, sex, education, marital status, place of residence, employment, and smoking behavior. Weighted bivariate analyses were conducted using chi-square tests to account for the complex survey design. The overall prevalence of heart disease was 3.5%. Significant associations (p < 0.05) were observed across all sociodemographic characteristics, including smoking status. Interestingly, heart disease prevalence was higher among non-smokers (2.6%) than among smokers (0.9%), which may suggest reverse causality or smoking cessation following diagnosis. These findings emphasize the influence of sociodemographic and behavioral factors on cardiovascular health among older Indonesians. Longitudinal research is needed to better understand the causal mechanisms underlying these associations, particularly regarding smoking behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuni Asri, Dian Pitaloka Priasmoro, Sasmiyanto Sasmiyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SPERM LONGEVITY AND RECOVERY RATE OF BELGIAN BLUE CATTLE IN DIFFERENT EXTENDER
Frozen semen from Belgian Blue cattle is in high demand among farmers, as evidenced by the increasing interest in this breed's semen. However, the freezing process reduces sperm motility and viability. This study aimed to assess the viability of sperm post-freezing and the sperm recovery rate (RR) in Belgian Blue cattle using different extenders. Semen was collected, evaluated, and diluted in four extenders: three commercially available ones—BoviFree®, AndroMed®,, and Steridyl®,—and a homemade extender, Tris Egg Yolk (TEY). Longevity and RR tests were conducted 24 h after freezing. Progressive motility was assessed using a portable computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) device (Androscope Minitube, Germany). The results indicated that sperm motility was higher in the BoviFree®, and AndroMed®, extenders after 3 h compared to the other extenders (p <0.05). After 4 h, motility remained higher in the BoviFree®, extender than in TEY. The RR values showed no significant differences among the extenders (p< 0.05). The study concluded that sperm longevity in Belgian Blue cattle was optimal in the BoviFree®, extender, with consistently good sperm RR values across all extenders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Murni Nurul Maulidyah, Muhammad Agil, Syahruddin Said, Taufiq Purna Nugraha, Raden Iis Arifiantini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALYSIS OF Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) FRAGMENTATION AND ACROSOME INTEGRITY AS BIOMARKERS OF FROZEN SEMEN QUALITY OF BULLS AT THE SPERM BANK OF SAMARINDA CITY
This study aims to evaluate the quality of frozen bull semen at the Sperm Bank of Samarinda City based on parameters of motility, viability, morphological normality, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), acrosome integrity, and DNA fragmentation, as well as their effects on cattle breeds and storage duration. The samples consisted of frozen semen from five breeds (Limousin, Madura, Angus, Simmental, and Peranakan Ongole) with different storage periods (3, 4, and 5 years). Motility, viability, and morphological normality were tested according to the Indonesian National Standards (SNI). The PMI was assessed using the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), acrosome integrity using peanut agglutinin (PNA) staining, and DNA fragmentation using acridine orange (AO) staining. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, and if there was an effect, it was followed by a Tukey post hoc test. The findings indicated that motility and PMI remained relatively stable; however, the duration of storage significantly influenced PMI (P<0.05). The breed of bull and storage duration had a significant effect on morphological normality, viability, acrosome integrity, and DNA fragmentation (P<0.05). However, the two factors did not interact with each other. It can be concluded that the storage duration resulted in a decline in semen quality, specifically in terms of membrane and DNA integrity. Therefore, it is recommended to use semen straws ≤ 4 years old and conduct periodic quality re-qualification to maintain frozen semen fertility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kirana Dara Dinanti Adiputra, Novemia Fatmarischa, Dani Nur Arifin, Fikri Ardhani, Kumbawan Wibisono, Novi Ramadhani, Erni Damayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MOBILE-BASED PLANT SEARCH APPLICATION IN THE QURAN WITH FUSE.JS IMPLEMENTATION
The availability of applications that specifically integrate plant data in the Quran, related verses, and scientific information is still limited, as indicated by the absence of similar applications on platforms such as the Google Play Store and the App Store. Therefore, this study developed a mobile application supported by a web system for admin data management to provide information on plants in the Quran in a structured and easily accessible manner. The Rapid Application Development (RAD) method was applied for quick iteration and user testing. Data collection found 28 plants mentioned specifically and 11 generally in the Quran. The app displays plant information with related verses and scientific details. A search feature using Fuse.js was added for easier access. Usability testing with UMUX scored 91.53% (“best imaginable”), while black box testing shows the test scenario runs according to the expected results on both platforms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatiya Quzza, Kurnia Saputra, Zumaidar Zumaidar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
GLOBAL TRENDS IN PATIENT SAFETY AND SERVICE QUALITY: A BIBLIOMETRIC EXPLORATION FROM CLINICAL PRACTICE TO ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Patient safety and quality of service are crucial indicators in evaluating the effectiveness and accountability of healthcare systems. Despite the widespread implementation of clinical interventions and regulatory measures globally, significant challenges remain in ensuring safe and high-quality services, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to explore the trends and directions of research related to patient safety and quality of service during the 2015–2024 period using a bibliometric approach. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database using the keywords “Patient Safety” AND “Quality of Service” and were analyzed using VOSviewer software to visualize keyword networks, temporal trends, and term density. The analysis identified five major clusters in this area of study: (1) clinical interaction and human factors; (2) safety culture and organizational perception; (3) service quality and clinical procedures; (4) healthcare systems and hospital organization; and (5) the role of institutions and workforce. The findings indicate a shift in research focus from technical approaches toward systemic and humanistic perspectives. Communication among healthcare professionals, organizational culture, and technology adoption emerge as key elements in building an effective and sustainable patient safety ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadila Rahmi, Arlina Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPROVING SEMEN QUALITY OF PERANAKAN ONGOLE CATTLE WITH MARIGOLD®-BASED ANTIOXIDANT IN TRIS-EGG YOLK DILUENT
This study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of Marigold® antioxidant suplemented in a Tris-egg yolk (TEY) extender to maintain the quality of liquid semen from Peranakan Ongole (PO) bulls. Semen samples were extended in TEY without antioxidant (P0, control) or supplemented with Marigold® extract at concentrations of 0.002% (P1), 0.004% (P2), and 0.006% (P3). Semen quality was evaluated based on macroscopic characteristics (volume, colour, pH, and consistency) and microscopic parameters (mass motility, progressive motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), and morphological abnormalities). Fresh semen exhibited an average volume of 5.25±0.8 mL, creamy colour, pH 6.8±0.13, mass motility (++), abnormalities 4.1±0.8%, viability 86.12±6.2%, PMI 77.21±5.3%, and progressive motility 85.44±2.41%. Supplementation with Marigold® antioxidant significantly influenced microscopic parameters during storage at 4 °C. Sperm abnormalities increased with storage duration, particularly in P3 on day 2. Treatment with 0.004% Marigold® (P2) effectively maintained motility and PMI up to day 6, while 0.006% (P3) preserved viability and PMI up to day 10. The addition of Marigold® extract to the TEY extender improved the preservation of PO bull semen quality during 10 days of storage at 4 °C. A concentration of 0.004% was optimal for maintaining sperm quality in the short term (up to day 6), whereas 0.006% provided stronger protective effects during prolonged storage (up to day 10).
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasan Anwar Hanafi, Abdullah Baharun, Tulus Maulana, Annisa Rahmi, Muhammad Gunawan, Athhar Manabi Diansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EVALUATION OF CREAM FORMULATION FROM NANOEMULSION Euphorbia tirucalli L. WITH STEARIC ACID VARIATIONS
The macerate of Euphorbia tirucalli L. contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins with antibacterial potential for acne management. This study formulated a nanoemulsion of E. tirucalli extract via the high-energy method, which was incorporated into cream formulations with varying stearic acid concentrations (F1;7.5%, F2;9%, F3;12%, F4;14.5%) and physical quality evaluation was carried out. The physical quality test of the cream preparations found that concentrations of stearic acid significantly affected the organoleptic properties (color and skin feels after application), spreadability 4.86-6.55 cm, water washability 8.5-19.1 mL, and viscosity 15557-31433 cPs. Meanwhile, homogeneity, phase separation, and pH of the preparation were not found the significantly different. An increase in stearic acid was directly proportional to washability and viscosity, but inversely proportional to spreadability. The formulations met the physical criteria for an acceptable cream preparation, except for pH, which was excessively alkaline. F2 and F3 establishing them as the most suitable formulations for further development. The antibacterial test against Propionibacterium acnes using the well diffusion agar assay, resulted; positive control (Mediklin; clindamycin 0.01%) in strong activity, 5% extract was in the weak activity, 10% and 20% extract was in moderate activity, 30% extract showed strong activity which is comparable to the positive control, and 20% nanoemulsion had no activity. The Spearman’s Rho test confirmed a strong correlation between extract concentration and antibacterial potency (r = 0.927).
Copyright (c) 2026 Meylani Nur Intan, Aldesra Fitri, Iqlima Ayu Prestisya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
CORRELATION OF BODY MORPHOMETRY AND UDDER VOLUME WITH MILK PRODUCTION IN ETTAWA CROSSBREED GOATS IN NUSA TENGGARA BARAT
Observation of body size can be used as an identification of breeders as a selection criterion of dairy goats identify superior breeding stock and optimize milk production in Nusa Tenggara Barat, with potential implications for food security. The study aimed to determine the relationship between body size and udder volume with milk production of Etawa Crossbreed goat. This study was conducted at the experimental pen of Universitas Nahdlatul Wathan Mataram in Desa Ketangga Jeraeng, Lombok Timur, with twenty-five female Etawa Crossbreeds that were lactating. This study used a survey method and measurements of body length (BL), body height (BH), chest circumference (CC), udder volume (UV) and milk production (MP). Data were analyzed using correlation and linear regression analysis. The results showed that the average of BL = 72.76 cm, BH = 66.6 cm, CC = 73.24 cm, UV = 30.31 liters and MP = 327.76 ml / day. Body length and udder volume were moderately correlated with milk production (r = 0.40-0.59). While body height and udder volume had a strong correlation with milk production (r above 0.60). From the results, it can be concluded that body length, body height and udder volume had a significant effect on milk production, and there was a positive correlation with udder volume and milk production which was classified as a moderate correlation (r = 0.40-0.59).
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Made Andry Kartika, Abyadul Fitriyah, Yuni Mariani, Nefi Andriana Fajri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IN SILICO MOLECULAR TARGETING AND ADMET PROFILING OF BETA-SITOSTEROL AS A MULTI-TARGET THERAPEUTIC CANDIDATE
Beta-sitosterol is a naturally occurring phytosterol with potential biological activities, including anticancer effects. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and molecular targets of beta-sitosterol using in silico approaches involving ADMET analysis and target prediction. The ADMET results indicated that beta-sitosterol exhibited favorable membrane permeability and high absorption potential; however, it demonstrated poor aqueous solubility and high plasma protein binding, which may affect its bioavailability. Additionally, metabolic prediction suggested potential involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in beta-sitosterol biotransformation. Target prediction analysis revealed that beta-sitosterol may interact with multiple proteins involved in lipid metabolism and hormonal regulation. The highest predicted affinity was observed toward NPC1L1, a protein involved in cholesterol absorption, as well as nuclear receptors including LXR-α, ROR-γ, and androgen receptor, which regulate lipid metabolism and hormone signaling. Furthermore, beta-sitosterol was predicted to interact with HMG-CoA reductase and several cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and steroidogenesis. The findings suggest that beta-sitosterol possesses a multi-target profile associated with lipid metabolism and hormonal regulation pathways.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fendy Prasetyawan, Yuneka Saristiana, Lisa Savitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IN SILICO PREDICTION OF BIOACTIVE TARGET CLASSES AND ADMET PROFILE OF CAPSAICIN WITH RELEVANCE TO DAYAK CHILI (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Capsaicin is a well-known bioactive compound present in various Capsicum species, including Dayak chili (Capsicum frutescens L.). This study aimed to predict the bioactive target classes and ADMET profile of capsaicin using an in silico approach. The chemical structure of capsaicin was retrieved from the PubChem database and analyzed using SwissTargetPrediction, SwissADME, and pkCSM platforms. The prediction results indicated that capsaicin interacts with multiple protein classes, including oxidoreductases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, voltage-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, hydrolases, phosphatases, kinases, and membrane receptors. High-probability predicted targets included PTGS1, CYP1A2, TRPV1, CNR1, and FAAH, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuromodulatory, and metabolic regulatory effects. ADMET analysis demonstrated favorable absorption and distribution characteristics, with predicted hepatotoxicity and hERG II inhibition requiring further investigation. These findings represent computational predictions and should be interpreted cautiously, as in silico results require further experimental validation. Capsaicin demonstrates multi-target potential that may support future pharmacological development and experimental studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuneka Saristiana, Fendy Prasetyawan, Lisa Savitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SEX-DEPENDENT HEAT TOLERANCE PROFILES OF BALI CATTLE EXPOSED TO TROPICAL HEAT STRESS
Heat stress is one of the main challenges in livestock farming systems in tropical areas, directly affecting the physiological response and productivity of livestock. Bali cattle, as one of Indonesia's local germplasms, are known to have good adaptability to extreme environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the heat tolerance of male and female Bali cattle using the Iberian Heat Tolerance Coefficient (IHTC), Benezra’s Coefficient of Adaptability (BCA), and Thermal Stress Resistance Index (TSRI). Data analysis used the independent samples t-test to compare between male and female sexes under heat stress conditions (THI = 84.8–87.2). The results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in IHTC and BCA values between male and female Bali cattle, while TSRI did not show significant differences (P > 0.05). Male Bali cattle had lower IHTC values and higher BCA values compared to female cattle. This finding indicates that female Bali cattle have relatively better heat tolerance compared to male Bali cattle.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kirana Dara Dinanti Adiputra, Sukandi, Karenina Dwi Yulianti, Nurliani Erni, Dani Nur Arifin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALYSIS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA WEISSELLA PARAMESENTEROIDES LM-21 AS PROBIOTIC CANDIDATE
Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide many health benefits. Weissella genus have been much research over this decade because probiotic potential. Weissella Paramesenteroides LM-21 isolated from Kimchi kiciwis leaf have health potential as glutathione antioxidant production. This research aims to analyze the ability of W. paramesenteroides LM-21 as a probiotic candidate. The methodes are cell viability test at low pH (pH setting of 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; 7.0), antibacterial activity against E.coli and S.aureus, analysis production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and qualitative analysis of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) by HPLC. The results are W.paramesentreroides LM-21 could survive at low pH (viability at pH 2 is 6.2 log CFU/mL); showed inhibition zone against E. coli was 0.8 mm and S. aureus was 0.5 mm; ability producing EPS with ropy phenotype and crude extract of 30 mg/mL; and SCFA (acetic acid based on a retention time of 10.688 minutes and propionic acid of 26.787 minutes). Based on the results of this research, can be concluded that W. paramesenteroides LM-21 has excellent potential as a probiotic candidate
Copyright (c) 2026 Luthfia Muharram, Aflah Afina Nurdin, Rahma Risnaya, Sharen Ayuningtyas, Syifa Luthfia, Nurhaifa Azzahra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF NASAL CANNULA USE ON BLOATING INCIDENTS AT KARSA HUSADA HOSPITAL, BATU CITY
Oxygen administration via nasal cannula at a dose of 3-4 liters/minute is standard therapy for hypoxemic patients, but it has the potential to cause bloating due to air insufflation into the gastrointestinal tract. This study analyzed the relationship between nasal cannula use at a dose of 3-4 liters/minute for >8 hours and the incidence of bloating. The study used an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design in 30 patients who received oxygen therapy via nasal cannula at a dose of 3-4 liters/minute for >8 hours at Karsa Husada Batu Hospital. Data were analyzed using a Chi-Square Test comparing the proportion of bloating before and after the intervention. Before the intervention, no patients reported bloating. After administration of 3-4 liters/minute for >8 hours, 26 respondents (86.7%) experienced bloating. The Chi-Square test showed a significant difference (χ²=24.04; df=1; p<0.05). Conclusion: Use of a nasal cannula at a dose of 3-4 liters/minute for >8 hours significantly increases the risk of bloating.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dion Kunto Adi Patria, Riki Ristanto, Yuni Asri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PROFILE OF CYTOTOXICITY IN HepG2 CELLS AND THE POTENTIAL FOR MODULATION OF PANCREATIC CELLS BY PINEAPPLE CROWN FRACTION (Ananas comosus (L.)Merr) IN DIABETIC RATS
The ethyl acetate fraction of pineapple crown, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr is known to contain flavonoid secondary metabolites with potential antidiabetic activity. Flavonoids have been widely reported to have potent antidiabetic effects through antioxidant activity and pancreatic cell-protective mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro toxicity profile of the ethyl acetate fraction using HepG2 cells and its in vivo antidiabetic efficacy in an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay, with Doxorubicin HCl used as a positive control. The in vivo study involved 35 male Wistar rats divided into seven groups: a negative control, a positive control (glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kgBW), and five treatment groups receiving the ethyl acetate fraction at doses ranging from 10 to 25 mg/kgBW. The evaluated parameters included changes in body weight, blood glucose levels, and pancreatic α- and β-cell counts. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited an IC50 value of 287.14 µg/ml, indicating relatively low toxicity compared with Doxorubicin HCl (IC50 =43.25 µg/ml). In vivo administration of the ethyl acetate fraction, particularly at a dose of 22 mg/kgBW, produced the most optimal effects, as indicated by body weight recovery toward normal values, a significant reduction in blood glucose levels, a decrease in pancreatic α-cell count (40±1.7), and an increase in β-cell number (48 ± 1.7) (p < 0.05). The ethyl acetate fraction of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr demonstrates antidiabetic potential by improving islet cell profiles while exhibiting moderate cytotoxicity in vitro, suggesting its potential for further development as an antidiabetic therapeutic agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Winartiana Winartiana, Okky Intan Mawarni, Iftinah Harini, Erlina Putri Lestari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF FIG (Ficus carica L.) BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS MULTITARGET THERAPEUTIC CANDIDATE AGAINST HIV-1
Antiretroviral drugs (ARV) to treat HIV-1 infection which causes AIDS are predominantly monotargeted so it is considered less effective. Long-term use of this drug may also lead to side effects and the HIV-1 resistance to drug. Thereby highlighting the need for developing more effective multitarget drug candidates. Herbal-based medicine have potential to be developed into multitarget drugs due to its diverse bioactive compounds. In silico approaches are used for initial screening in new drug development. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of fig (Ficus carica L.)-derived bioactive compounds as multitarget antiretroviral therapy candidates against three key HIV-1 proteins: Gp120, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, and HIV-1 protease, in silico. Fourteen bioactive compounds consisting of anthocyanin, flavonoid, and terpenoid derivatives were analyzed for their physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic profiles, toxicity, and molecular docking interactions. The results revealed that five compounds of flavonoid group: apigenin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, and luteolin, fulfilled the criteria as potential oral multitarget drug candidates with relatively low binding affinity (ΔG) values toward all three HIV-1 target proteins. Notably, luteolin exhibited the strongest binding affinity toward Gp120 (-7.2 kcal/mol), HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (-8.8 kcal/mol) and HIV-1 protease (-8.5 kcal/mol), while also complying Lipinski’s, ADMET parameters, and low-toxicity predictions. These findings suggest that luteolin considerable as a safe natural-based multitarget antiretroviral candidate derived from Ficus carica L.
Copyright (c) 2026 Musa'adah Musa'adah, Ayuni Adawiyah, Raysha Tryfhatya Nurhaidha, Yani Suryani, Risda Arba Ulfa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
MAPPING HUMAN RESOURCE INDICATORS IN HOSPITAL RESEARCH : A BIBLIOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE
Human resource indicators are important determinants of hospital service quality because workforce management directly affects patient care and organizational performance. However, the literature on hospital human resource management remains fragmented, particularly regarding its relationship with service quality and performance outcomes. This study aimed to map the research landscape on human resource indicators in hospitals from a bibliometric perspective. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database for articles published between 2015 and 2025. Of 3,995 records initially identified, 1,985 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final analysis. Bibliometric mapping was performed using VOSviewer. The results showed a clear increase in publication output over time, especially in 2024–2025, indicating growing scholarly interest in hospital human resource indicators. The keyword health care quality had the highest total link strength, showing that the literature is strongly oriented toward quality assessment, organizational performance, and service improvement. Overall, the findings demonstrate that research on hospital human resource indicators is closely linked to hospital quality, management, and patient safety, while several workforce-related themes remain underexplored.
Copyright (c) 2026 Solichati Fatonah, Qurratul Aini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
HYDROLYTIC ENZYME SYSTEMS OF Trichoderma spp.: FERMENTATION STRATEGIES, STRAIN ENGINEERING, AND SUSTAINABLE LIGNOCELLULOSIC VALORIZATION
Hydrolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma spp. play a central role in lignocellulosic biomass conversion due to their high secretion capacity and catalytic versatility. This review provides a critical and integrated analyzes of enzyme systems, fermentation strategies, and bioprocess engineering approaches governing enzyme production and biomass valorization. A structured literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed publication 2019 to 2025. The analysis highlights synergistic interactions among cellulases, hemicellulases, and oxidative enzymes in overcoming biomass recalcitrance. Key process parameters—including aeration, moisture content, temperature regulation, and bioreactor design—are identified as a primary deteminants of productivity and efficiency. Solid-state fermentation is recognized as an efficient strategy for valorizing agricultural residues such as rice straw, although challenges in heat and mass transfer and scale-up remain. Advances in strain engineering, regulatory pathway optimization, and enzyme cocktail design improve hydrolytic performance, but trade-offs between productivity, stability, and process robustness persist. Integration within circular biorefinery frameworks is essential for scalable and sustainable biomass conversion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Helianty, Yuana Nurulita, Panca Setia Utama, Titania Tjandrawati Nugroho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0