Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC <p><strong><img src="https://ejournal.brin.go.id/public/site/images/rmpi/homepageimage-en-us.png" alt="" width="730" height="411" /></strong></p> <p><strong>Journal of Science &amp; Weather Modification Technology (JSTMC)</strong> is a Scientific Journal that provides an authoritative source of scientific information in the field of weather modification for researchers and engineers in academia, research institutions, and government agencies. We publish original research papers and case studies that focus on the meteorological, hydrological, geographical, physical, mathematical, and chemical aspects related to the field of Weather Modification. All submitted papers will be peer-reviewed by at least two referees from relevant fields. JSTMC is published and imprinted by National Laboratory for Weather Modification Technology, Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology, and managed to be issued twice each year, with each volume consisting of two journal editions for each issuing year.</p> <p><strong>JSTMC</strong> is indexed by Google Scholar, Indonesian Scientific Journal Database (ISJD), PKP Index, Academic Keys, Research Bib, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), Scientific Indexing Service (SIS), ROAD, Mendeley, CiteULike, Moraref, Indonesia OneSearch, OCLC Wordcat, Crossref, IPI, Sinta, DRJI, Index Copernicus, Cite Factor, and Garuda.</p> en-US Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0700 OJS 3.3.0.11 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Cover JSTMC Vol. 24 No. 1 June 2023 https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/2806 <p>Cover JSTMC Vol. 24 No. 1 June 2023</p> Cover JSTMC Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/2806 Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700 Preface JSTMC Vol. 24 No. 1 June 2023: Foreword and Acknowledgement https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/2795 <p>Vol. 24 No. 1 June 2023</p> Vol. 24 No. 1 June 2023 Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/2795 Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700 Analisis Spasio-Temporal Fenomena Urban Heat Island dan Hubungannya Terhadap Aspek Fisik di Kota Makassar (1993-2021) https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/907 <p><strong>Intisari</strong></p> <p><em>Fenomena Urban Heat Island (UHI) terjadi jika suhu permukaan suatu wilayah memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan dengan wilayah di sekitarnya. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah perubahan tutupan lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fenomena UHI akibat perubahan tutupan lahan serta melihat korelasinya terhadap aspek fisik wilayah di Kota Makassar. Metode yang digunakan dalam mendeteksi UHI adalah teknik penginderaan jauh multi-temporal pada citra Landsat 5 TM dan Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS dengan mengekstraksi nilai suhu permukaan dengan algoritma Land Surface Temperature pada Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS dan Brightness Temperature pada Landsat 5 TM. Metode Random Forest digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan tutupan lahan. Setiap aspek fisik wilayah yang diekstrak dari algoritma Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), dan Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) diuji korelasi dengan Determination Correlation. Perubahan tutupan lahan berdampak terhadap fenomena UHI. Lahan terbangun terus meningkat hingga 45,68 km<sup>2</sup> dengan suhu rata-rata yaitu 1-3 °C. Fenomena distribusi dan intensitas UHI terjadi di daerah pusat perkotaan dan kenaikan intensitas UHI mencapai 4 °C. Terdapat hubungan yang kuat dan konsisten antara suhu permukaan dan kerapatan bangunan dari tahun 1993-2021. Peningkatan area terbangun 1 % akan meningkatkan suhu udara rata-rata hingga 0.039 °C namun tutupan vegetasi hanya mampu mereduksi suhu permukaan sebesar 0.0085 °C. Hal ini berarti tutupan vegetasi tidak mampu mengimbangi peningkatan suhu permukaan di Kota Makassar khususnya di wilayah perkotaan.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>The Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon occurs when the surface temperature of an area has a significant difference from that of the surrounding area. One of the causes is the land cover changes. This study aims to analyze the UHI phenomenon due to changes in land cover and see its correlation to the physical aspects of the area in Makassar City. The method used in detecting UHI is a multi-temporal remote sensing technique on Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images by extracting surface temperature values with the Land Surface Temperature algorithm on Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS and Brightness Temperature on Landsat 5 TM. The Random Forest method is used to classify land cover. Every physical aspect of the area extracted from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) algorithms was tested for correlation with the Determination Correlation. Changes in land cover have an impact on the UHI phenomenon. The built-up area continues to increase to 45.68 km2 with an average temperature of 1-3 °C. The distribution of UHI phenomena and intensity occurs in urban center areas, and the increase in UHI intensity reaches 4 °C. A strong and consistent relationship exists between surface temperature and building density from 1993-2021. An increase in the built-up area of 1 % will increase the average air temperature by up to 0.039 °C, but the vegetation cover can only reduce the surface temperature by 0.0085 °C. This means that the vegetation cover cannot keep up with the increase in surface temperature in Makassar City, especially in urban areas.</em></p> <p> </p> Septianto Aldiansyah, Farida Wardani Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/907 Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700 Evaluasi Nilai Penambahan Curah Hujan Hasil Pelaksanaan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca dalam Upaya Penanganan Bencana Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Indonesia https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/948 <p><strong>Intisari</strong></p> <p><em>Telah dilakukan evaluasi statistik untuk menghitung nilai penambahan curah hujan hasil pelaksanaan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca (TMC) dalam upaya penanganan bencana kebakaran hutan dan lahan (karhutla) di Indonesia. Perhitungan dilakukan terhadap 4 (empat) sampel pelaksanaan TMC di Provinsi Riau pada tahun-tahun yang mengalami kondisi iklim berbeda, masing-masing tahun 2013 (Netral), 2015 dan 2023 (El Nino) serta 2022 (La Nina). Nilai penambahan curah hujan hasil TMC dihitung dengan menggunakan dua pendekatan, yaitu Metode Target Only dan Target Control. Dari hasil perhitungan menggunakan Metode Target Only maupun Target Control, hasil pelaksanaan TMC untuk penanganan bencana karhutla yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 2013 (Netral), 2015 (El Nino) dan 2022 (La Nina) diketahui mampu memberikan tambahan curah hujan dengan besaran persentase yang bervariasi. Pelaksanaan TMC pada kondisi iklim basah (La Nina) mampu memberikan hasil peningkatan curah hujan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan pelaksanaan TMC pada kondisi iklim normal (Netral), terlebih lagi pada kondisi iklim kering (El Nino). Dengan Metode Target Only, pelaksanaan TMC di Provinsi Riau yang berlangsung selama 12 hari pada periode tanggal 6-17 Agustus 2022 terhitung mampu meningkatkan intensitas curah hujan sebesar 56,90%, atau rata-rata sekitar 4,74% per hari. Sementara dengan Metode Target Control, terhitung mampu meningkatkan intensitas curah hujan sebesar 81,12%, atau rata-rata sekitar 6,76% per hari. </em></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>A statistical evaluation has been carried out to calculate the value of rainfall enhancement resulting from the implementation of Weather Modification Technology (WMT) as an effort to deal with forest and land fires in Indonesia. Calculations were made on four samples of WMT implementation in Riau Province in years that experienced different climatic conditions, respectively 2013 (Neutral), 2015 and 2023 (El Nino), and 2022 (La Nina). The value of rainfall enhancement from the WMT activities is calculated using two different approaches, Target Only Method, and Target Control Method. From the results of calculations using both Target Only and Target Control Methods, WMT implementation for handling the forest and land fires carried out in 2013 (Neutral), 2015 (El Nino) and 2022 (La Nina) are known to be able to provide additional rainfall with varying percentages. Implementation of WMT in wet climate conditions (La Nina) is able to produce results of increasing rainfall which is higher than the implementation of WMT in normal (Neutral) climate conditions, especially in dry climate conditions (El Nino). With the Target Only Method, the implementation of WMT in Riau Province which lasted for 12 days, in the period 6-17 August 2022, was calculated to be able to increase rainfall intensity by 56.90%, or an average of around 4.74% per day. Meanwhile with the Target Control Method, WMT is calculated to be able to increase the intensity of rainfall by 81.12%, or an average of around 6.76% per day.</em></p> <p> </p> Budi Harsoyo, Rizaldi Boer, Edvin Aldrian, Lailan Syaufina, Ari Nugroho, M. Bayu Rizky Prayoga, Ibnu Athoillah Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/948 Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700 Evaluasi Statistik Penerapan Modifikasi Cuaca Berbasis Suar Cosat 1000 di Daerah Tangkapan Air Danau Toba serta Pengaruhnya Terhadap Produksi Aluminium https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/1018 <p><strong>Intisari</strong></p> <p><em>Modifikasi cuaca (MC) berbasis bahan semai suar higroskopis dengan ukuran partikel kurang dari 10 mikron banyak digunakan di berbagai negara. Suar higroskopis Cloud Seeding Agent Tube 1000 (CoSAT-100) produksi PT Pindad (persero) pertama kali digunakan dalam kegiatan penerapan MC wahana pesawat di Daerah Tangkapan Air (DTA) Danau Toba pada tahun 2021. Pesawat yang digunakan, dikelola dan dioperasikan oleh Balai Besar TMC BPPT sejak 2018. Untuk mengetahui efektivitas suar CoSAT-1000 maka dilakukan evaluasi statistik dengan menerapkan beberapa metode antara lain metode target only, target control, double ratio dan metode debit aliran. Data yang dimanfaatkan adalah curah hujan penakar BMKG, presipitasi GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation), curah hujan historis BMKG (1981-2010) serta debit aliran Sungai Asahan dari PT Inalum. Dari hasil MC menggunakan CoSAT-1000 di DTA Danau Toba pada bulan April dan bulan Oktober-November 2021 berdasarkan data curah hujan penakar dibandingkan dengan historisnya atau metodologi target only, menunjukkan peningkatan curah hujan sebesar 7,8-20 %, dan bila dengan metodologi target kontrol berdasarkan data GSMaP memberikan peningkatan sebesar 26,8-67,5 %. Peningkatan 135 % bila dibandingkan dengan periode yang sama pada tahun 2011 hingga 2015 dimana tidak dilakukan penerapan MC. Sementara hasil penambahan debit aliran (inflow) sebesar 17-31 % atau setara dengan volume debit air yang dimanfaatkan PT Inalum untuk memproduksi aluminium sebesar 4.300 hingga 10.700 ton. Didukung pengelolaan dan pengoperasian pesawat secara mandiri, penerapan MC berbasis suar higroskopis produk dalam negeri CoSAT-1000 di DTA Danau Toba merupakan contoh kemandirian penerapan teknologi modifikasi cuaca di Indonesia.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>Weather modification (WM) using hygroscopic flare seeding agents with particle sizes less than 10 microns is widely used in various countries. The hygroscopic flare Cloud Seeding Agent Tube 1000 (CoSAT-100) produced by PT Pindad (Persero), was used for the first time in aircraft base WM in the Lake Toba Catchment Area (DTA) in 2021. The aircraft used is managed and operated by Balai Besar TMC BPPT since 2018. To determine the effectiveness of the CoSAT-1000 flares, this study carried out a statistical evaluation by applying several statistical evaluation methods including the Target Only, Target Control, Double Ratio and inflow discharge methods. The data utilized include BMKG rainfall gauge, GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation) precipitation, BMKG historical rainfall (1981-2010) and Asahan River flow discharge data obtained from PT Inalum. The implementation of WM using CoSAT-1000 in the Lake Toba catchment area in the April and October-November 2021, based on rainfall gauge data compared to historical data, rainfall effectively increase by 7.8-20 %, and when use the target control method based on GSMaP data, it increases of 26.8-67.5 %. As well as an increase of 135% when compared to the same period in 2011 to 2015 where no weather modification implemented. While the additional inflow discharge is about 17-31 % or equivalent to the volume of water discharge utilized by PT Inalum to produce 4,300 to 10,700 tons of aluminium. Supported by independent aircraft management and operation, the implementation of weather modification utilize domestic products CoSAT-1000 hygroscopic flares in the Lake Toba watershed is example of independent weather modification technology applications in Indonesia.</em></p> Dwipa Wirawan, Adi Bayu Rusandi, Chandra Fadlilah Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/1018 Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0700 Komparasi Algoritma Asimilasi Data Radar-Rain Gauge dalam Peningkatan Akurasi Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE): Mean Field Bias (MFB) dan Brandes Spatial Adjustment (BRA) https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/962 <p><strong>Intisari</strong></p> <p><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan performa algoritma Mean Field Bias (MFB) dan Brandes Spatial Adjustment (BRA) dalam meningkatkan akurasi Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) pada radar cuaca Tangerang. Filter interferensi diterapkan untuk menghilagkan false echo dari sumber gelombang elektromagnetik lain di sekitar radar Tangerang. Perbedaan mendasar dari algoritma MFB dan BRA adalah pada perhitungan faktor koreksi, dimana faktor koreksi algoritma BRA bergantung pada jarak rain-gauge terhadap radar cuaca. Studi kasus yang digunakan adalah kejadian hujan lebat tanggal 12 Desember 2018 yang terdeteksi oleh radar Tangerang. Data rain-gauge yang digunakan sebagai korektor berjumlah 88 penakar. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan faktor koreksi, algoritma MFB menghasilkan faktor koreksi yang lebih tinggi yang terkonsentrasi di bagian Barat radar Tangerang pada rentang 2.4 hingga 3.2, sedangkan faktor koreksi algoritma BRA lebih homogen pada rentang 0 hingga 1.5. Perbandingkan peningkatan akurasi diukur berdasarkan penurunan error pada nilai QPE. Berdasarkan tiga lokasi raingauge, algoritma MFB memberikan penurunan error yang lebih signifikan dibandingkan dengan algoritma BRA.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>This research aims to compare the performance of the Mean Field Bias (MFB) and Brandes Spatial Adjustment (BRA) algorithms in increasing the accuracy of Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) on the Tangerang weather radar. An interference filter is applied to eliminate false echoes from other sources of electromagnetic waves around the Tangerang radar. The fundamental difference between the MFB and BRA algorithms is in the calculation of the correction factor, where the correction factor for the BRA algorithm depends on the distance of the rain gauge to the weather radar. The case study used is the heavy rain event on December 12 2018, which was detected by Tangerang radar. The rain-gauge data used as a corrector is 88 gauges. Based on the results of the correction factor calculations, the MFB algorithm produces a higher correction factor, which is concentrated in the western part of the Tangerang radar in the range 2.4 to 3.2, while the BRA algorithm correction factor is more homogeneous in the range 0 to 1.5. The comparison of increased accuracy is measured based on the decrease in error in the QPE value. Based on three rain gauge locations, the MFB algorithm provides a more significant error reduction compared to the BRA algorithm.</em></p> <p> </p> Abdullah Ali, Fachruddin Lubis, Umi Sa'adah Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/962 Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700 Kajian Dampak Penggunaan Bahan Semai Powder NaCl pada Kegiatan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca Terhadap Kualitas Air https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/959 <p><strong>Intisari</strong></p> <p><em>Bahan semai yang digunakan dalam kegiatan </em><em>Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca (TMC) </em><em>ada</em><em> 2 jenis</em><em>, yaitu: bahan semai</em><em> suar </em><em>CoSAT-1000 dan</em> <em>powder </em><em>NaCl. Bahan semai ini diperoleh dari campuran unsur kimia yang efeknya cenderung </em><em>berdampak</em><em> terhadap kualitas air maupun lingkungan di wilayah pelaksanaan TMC. </em><em>Sehingga </em><em>dilakukan tinjauan status mutu air guna mengetahui dampak pencemaran yang mungkin timbul akibat pelaksanaan penyemaian awan dengan menggunakan bahan semai powder NaCl. Data yang digunakan adalah data kegiatan TMC dalam mengatasi defisit air di Daerah Tangkapan Air (DTA) Danau Toba pada tahun 2021 dan 2022. Berdasarkah hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa kegiatan TMC menggunakan bahan semai powder tidak signifikan mempengaruhi kualitas air hujan sungai maupun danau. Nilai konsentrasi kandungan unsur kimia pada air hujan selama kegiatan TMC jauh di bawah batas ambang mutu nasional kelas 1. Sama halnya dengan air sungai dan mata air yang nilai konsentrasi kadungan unsur kimia (kecuali fosfat) relatif berada di bawah batas ambang mutu nasional kelas 2. Sedangkan analisis kualitas air danau kategori cemar ringan terjadi pada periode 10 hari kegiatan TMC di pesisir Muara, dan pada periode 20 hari kegiatan TMC di pesisir Porsea. Sedangkan danau Toba di balige sebelum kegiatan TMC masuk dalam kategori cemar ringan. Kategori cemar ringan ini bertahan selama kegiatan TMC dan berubah menjadi cemar sedang setelah kegiatan TMC. Hal ini disebabkan karena tingginya konsentrasi kandungan fosfat dan klorida pada sampel air yang diukur.</em></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>There are 2 types of seeding materials used in the operational activities of Weather Modification Technology (TMC), namely: flare seeding material CoSAT-1000 and NaCl powder. This seeding material is obtained from a mixture of chemical elements whose effects tend to have an impact on water quality and the environment in the TMC implementation area. So that a review of water quality status was carried out to determine the impact of pollution that might arise due to the implementation of cloud seeding using NaCl powder seedling material. The data used is data on TMC activities in overcoming the water deficit in the Lake Toba Catchment Area (DTA) in 2021 and 2022. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be said that TMC activities using seediing powder do not significantly affect the quality of rain water, river and Toba lake. The concentration value of chemical elements in rain water during TMC activities is far below the national quality threshold limit of class 1. Similarly, river and spring water whose concentration value of chemical element content (except phosphate) is relatively below the national quality threshold limit of class 2. Meanwhile, the analysis of lake water quality in the light pollution category occurred in a 10-day period of TMC activities on the Muara, and in a 20-day period of TMC activities on the Porsea. While Lake Toba in Balige before TMC activities was included in the category of light pollution. This category of light contaminants persists during TMC activities and turns into moderate contaminants after TMC activities. This is due to the high concentration of phosphate and chloride content in the measured water sample.</em></p> Rini Mariana Sibarani, Dwipa Wirawan, Satyo Nuryanto, Purwadi, Ryan Pramana, Budi Harsoyo Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/959 Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700 Appendix JSTMC Vol. 24 No.1 June 2023: Author Index & Keyword Index https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/2797 <p>Vol. 24 No.1 June 2023</p> Vol. 24 No.1 June 2023 Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca https://ejournal.brin.go.id/JSTMC/article/view/2797 Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0700