Karakterisasi Pipa Baja Karbon Rendah Dalam Pendekatan Analisa Kegagalan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v8i3.3672Keywords:
Steam boiler tube, Micro structure, Scale, Bulging, Grain diameterAbstract
Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap material pipa baja karbon rendah yang digunakan pada ketel uap setelah dioperasikan sekitar satu tahun. Selanjutnya dilakukan karakterisasi terhadap benda uji pipa gagal dan pipa yang baru dengan tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi sejauh mana perubahan yang terjadi pada komposisi, dimensi, kekerasan dan struktur mikro dengan cara membandingkan keduanya. Dari uji metalographi, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), analisa mikro dengan Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), struktur mikro awal adalah ferit-perlit. Pada suhu tinggi terjadi proses oksidasi, sehingga struktur mikro bahan berubah dari bentuk ferit-perlit menjadi struktur ferit dengan diameter butir yang membesar. Kegagalan pipa ketel uap diawali dengan terbentuknya lapisan deposit yang menempel pada permukaan dalam, yang mengakibatkan proses pindah panas ke air terganggu. Pada keadaan seperti ini suhu pipa akan semakin meningkat seiring dengan laju pembentukan deposit. Dan pada suhu diatas 5400C terjadi proses dekomposisi fasa perlit menjadi ferit + spheroidal carbides. Pada proses ini akan menyebabkan kekuatan pipa menjadi berkurang (baja menjadi lunak), sehingga pada tekanan uap sekitar 2 bar akan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya deformasi sehingga mengakibatkan pipa menjadi menggelembung.
Kata kunci : Pipa ketel uap, Struktur mikro, Deposit, Menggelembung, Diameter butir
Abstract
This research was carried out on low carbon steel pipe materials used in the boiler after about a year to operate . Further characterization of the test specimen failed pipe and the new pipe with the aim to identify the extent to which changes in the composition , dimensions , hardness and microstructure by comparing the two. Of test metalographi , Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM ) , micro analysis by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy ( EDS ) , the initial microstructure is ferrite - pearlite . At high temperature oxidation process occurs , so that the microstructure of the material changes from ferrite - pearlite forms into a structure ferrite grain diameter enlarged . Boiler pipe failure begins with the formation of the deposit layer attached to the inner surface , which results in the process of heat transfer to the water disturbed . In these circumstances the temperature of the pipe will increase along with the rate of deposit formation . At temperatures above 5400C occur decomposition into ferrite + pearlite phase spheroidal carbides . In this process will lead to the strength of the pipe to be reduced (steel becomes soft) , so that the vapor pressure of approximately 2 bar will cause deformation resulting in the pipe becomes bulging .
Keywords : Steam boiler tube, Micro structure, Scale, Bulging, Grain diameter
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