Asal-Usul dan Evolusi Aksara Suci Oṁ-Kāra di Bali Berdasarkan Data Prasasti Bali Kuno Abad VIII/IX
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Various questions arise in the community, whether this OṀ-kāra is a product of Balinese culture or whether this script is a derivative of OM-kāra from India. This research raises the question of how is the origin and evolution of the OṀ-kāra script in Bali? This research data was collected through a literature study and supplemented by interviews. The results of this research are in the form of the history of the script that developed in Bali, namely Pre-Nagari and Ancient Bali including Bali Lumrah which was used to write down the origin and evolution of the sacred script OṀ-kāra in Bali. Based on the results of this study, it is known that this sacred script was derived through two scripts in Bali in the VIIIth/ IXth centuries, namely Pre-Nagari and Ancient Balinese, which were derivatives of the Brahmi script. However, this sacred script has not envolved after the VIIIth century in the pre-Nagari script. Instead, what is seen in its evolution is the sacred OṀ-kāra script written using the Balinese Lumrah script, which is a derivative of the Old Balinese script, from the niskala to the birth of creation theology. Based on the evolution of this sacred script, it is known that OṀ-kāra is a sacred script as a symbol of God/ Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa who niskala, then from the niskala, evolved into the nature of niskala-sakala, Nirguna-Saguna, Paramasiwa-Sadasiwa.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Agastia, I.B.G. 2005. “Aksara Bali, Skiptografi, dan I Gusti Ngurah Bagus.” In Keberaksaraan dalam Kebudayaan, 235–48. Denpasar: Program S2-S3 Kajian Budaya Universitas Udayana.
Ardika, I Wayan. 1991. “Archaeological Research in North Eastern Bali, Indonesia.” Australian National University, Canberra.
Ardika, I Wayan, I Gusti Ngurah Tara Wiguna, I Ketut Setiawan, dan I Nyoman Wardi. 2013. “Sejarah Bali Kuno.” In Sejarah Bali, diedit oleh I Wayan Ardika, I Gde Parimartha, dan Anak Agung Bagus Wirawan, 105–257. Denpasar: Udayana University Press.
Astawa, A.A. Gde Oka. 2006. “Stupika Tanah Liat dari Situs Pantai Lovina Kalibukbuk, Buleleng Bali.” Forum Arkeologi 19 (2): 11–24.
Astawa, A.A. Gede Oka. 2007. Agama Buddha di Bali. Denpasar: Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Balai Arkeologi Denpasar.
———. 2008. “Stupika dan Materai Tanah Liat Desa Uma Anyar, Kecamatan Seririt, Kabupaten Buleleng Bali.” Forum Arkeologi 21 (2): 26–40.
Astawa, I Nyoman Temon, I Nyoman Rema, dan I Ketut Sudarsana. 2023. “Scriptural Theology in the Shaivasogata Religion in Bali.” International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 06 (07): 4189–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V6-i7-33.
Astra, I Gde Semadi. 1997. “Birokrasi Pemerintahan Bali Kuno Abad XII-XIII: Sebuah Kajian Epigrafis.” Universitas Gadjah Mada.
———. 2023. Birokrasi Kerajaan Bali Kuno Abad XII-XIII, Sebuah Kajian Epigrafis. Denpasar: Pustaka Larasan.
Astra, I Gede Semadi. 1981. Sekilas Tentang Perkembangan Aksara Bali Dalam Prasasti. Denpasar: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Udayana (Inpress).
Budiastra, Putu, dan Wayan Widia. 1981. Stupika Tanah Liat. Denpasar: Proyek Pengembangan Permuseuman Bali.
Callenfels, P.V. van. 1926. Epigraphia Balica. Batavia: Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
Calo, Ambra, Ian Moffat, David Bulbeck, Marie France Dupoizat, Kleanthis, Simyrdanis, Chester P. Walker, Rochtri Agung Bawono, dan Bagyo Prasetyo. 2020. “Reconstruction of the late first millennium AD harbor site of Sembiran and analysis of its tradeware.” Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 15: 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/5nvmt.
Calo, Ambra, Bagyo Prasetyo, Peter Bellwood, James W. Lankton, Bernard Gratuze, Thomas, Oliver Pryce, et al. 2015. “Sembiran and Pacung on the north coast of Bali: a strategic crossroads for early trans-Asiatic exchange.” Antiquity 89 (344): 378–96. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2014.45.
Duija, I Nengah. 2017. “Keberadaan Aksara Wreastra dalam Aksara Bali.” Aksara 29 (1): 19–32. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v29i1.98.19-32.
Duija, I Nengah, I Nyoman Rema, dan I Wayan Yudhasatya Dharma. 2022. “Social-Religious Activities in The Arts of Relief in Pakerisan and Petanu Watershed Gianyar, Bali.” Mudra 37 (2): 173–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31091/mudra.v37i2.1825.
Goris, R. 1954. Prasasti Bali I. Bandung: N.V. Masa Baru.
———. 1974. Sekte-Sekte di Bali. Jakarta: Bharata.
———. 1976. Sedjarah Bali Kuna. Singaradja: Diperbanyak oleh Lembaga Research Institut Hindu Dharma Denpasar.
Griffiths, Arlo. 2014. “Written traces of the Buddhist past: Mantras and Dhāraīs in Indonesian inscriptions.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 77 (01): 137–94. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X14000056.
Kaler, I Nyoman. n.d. Krakah Modre Aji Griguh.
Kern, Johan Hendrik Caspar. 1982. “Tentang Percampuran Siwaisme dan Buddhisme di Jawa, sehubungan dengan Syair Jawa Kuna Sutasoma.” In Siva dan Buddha, 3–34. Jakarta: KITLV dan Djambatan.
Krom, N.J. 1956. Zaman Hindu. Tjetakan Kedua. Terjemahan Arif Effendi. Djakarta: PT Pembangunan.
Lansing, J.S., A.J. Redd, T.M. Karafet, J. Watkins, I. W. ARDIKA, S.P.K. Surata, J.S. Schoenfelder, M. Campbell, dan A.M. Merriwether. 2015. “An Indian trader in ancient Bali?” Antiquity 78 (300): 287–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00112955.
Medera, I Nengah. 2005. “Aksara dalam Upacara Agama di Bali.” In Keberaksaraan dalam Kebudayaan, 91–112. Denpasar: Program S2-S3 Kajian Budaya Universitas Udayana.
Mirsha, I Gusti Ngurah Rai, I Gede Sura, I Wayan Dunia, Ida Bagus Kade Sindhu, I Gusti Ketut Dalem, dan I Wayan Sukayasa. 1994a. Tatwa Jnana, Kajian Teks dan Terjemahan. Denpasar: UPD. Kantor Dokumentasi Budaya Bali, Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali.
———. 1994b. Wrhaspati Tatwa, Kajian Teks dan Terjemahan. Denpasar: UPD. Kantor Dokumentasi Budaya Bali, Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali.
Nala, Ngurah. 1991. Usada Bali. Denpasar: Upada Sastra.
Poerbatjaraka, R.M.Ng. 1952. Riwayat Indonesia I. Djakarta: Jajasan Pembangunan.
Ratna, I Nyoman Kutha. 2005. “Peran Aksara dalam Perubahan Budaya Global: Menyimak Nilai-nilai Kelisanan dan Keberaksaraan.” In Keberaksaraan dalam Kebudayaan, 129–54. Denpasar: Program Studi Magister (S2) dan Program Doktor (S3) Kajian Budaya Universitas Udayana.
———. 2009. Stilistika Kajian Puitika Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Soebadio, Haryati. 1985. Jnanasiddhanta. Jakarta: Djambatan.
Stutterheim, Willem Frederik. 1929. Oudheden van Bali : het oude rijk van Pedjeng. Singaraja: De Kirtya Liefrinck van der Tuuk,.
Suarbhawa, I Gusti Made. 2010. “Perdagangan pada Masa Bali Kuna: Berdasarkan Sumber-Sumber Prasasti.” Forum Arkeologi 23 (2): 215–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24832/fa.v23i2.255.
Suarbhawa, I Gusti Made, I Nyoman Sunarya, I Wayan Sumerata, dan Luh Suwita Utami. 2013. Berita Penelitian Arkeologi: Prasasti Sukawana. Denpasar: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Balai Arkeologi Denpasar.
Suastika, I Made. 2005. “Kaligrafi dalam Kebudayaan Bali.” In Keberaksaraan dalam Kebudayaan, 249–58. Denpasar: Program S2-S3 Kajian Budaya Universitas Udayana.
Sudiarta, I Wayan. 2005. “Aksara Wijaksara dala Ulap-ulap: Sebuah Kajian Linguistik Kebudayaan.” In Keberaksaraan dalam Kebudayaan, 183–206. Denpasar: Program S2-S3 Kajian Budaya Universitas Udayana.
Sugriwa, I Gusti Bagus. 2012. Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan. Denpasar: Pusat Kajian Bali dan Udayana University Press.
Sunarya, I Nyoman. 2006. “Aktivitas Perdagangan Masyarakat Kintamani dan Sekitarnya pada Masa Bali Kuno (Kajian Data Prasasti).” Forum Arkeologi 19 (1): 19–29. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/fa.v19i1.243.
Surada, I Made, dan I Nyoman Rema. 2022. “Theology of Buddhist Religion in Yé Té Mantra Inscriptions.” Mudra 37 (3): 302–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31091/mudra.v37i3.2006.
Titib, I Made. 2003. Teologi dan SimbolSimbol dalam Agama Hindu. Surabaya: Paramita.
Wibawa, Arya Pageh, Imam Santosa, Setiawan Sabana, dan Achmad Haldani Destiarmand. 2023. “Review of Shape and Color on PolengMotifs in Bali.” Mudra 38 (1): 61–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31091/mudra.v38i1.1983.
Wiguna, I Gusti Ngurah Tara. 2010. Menelusuri Asal Mula Aksara Bali: Suatu Kajian Paleografi”. Dalam Mutiara Warisan Budaya sebuah Bunga Rampai Arkeologis. Persembahan untuk Prof. DR. I Gde Semadi Astra. Denpasar: Arkeologi Fakultas Sastra kerja sama dengan Program Studi Magister dan Program Doktor Kajian Budaya Universitas Udayana Denpasar.