OPTIMIZATION OF PRIMARY SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS INDUCTION OFCOCOA (Theobroma cacaoL.) THROUGH THE ADDITION OF PHENOLICCOMPOUNDSUPPRESSANT MATERIALS
Main Article Content
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a propagation technique in which explants form somatic embryos. The percentage of primary somatic embryo formation in cocoa tends to be low due to the significant secretion of phenolic components in flower explants, thereby reducing the conversion rate of explants into embryos. This is indicated by browning that occurs in explants or the culture medium. The purpose of this study was to optimize primary somatic embryogenesis induction in cocoa through the addition of several types of phenolic compound suppressor materials to the culture medium. Staminodia explants were grownon DKW medium with factorial treatment: various phenolic compound suppressing materials (control; 300 mg L-1PVP; 15 mg L-1silver nitrate; 12 mg L-1melatonin; 300 mg L-1ascorbic acid) and cocoa cultivars (MCC-02 and ICCRI-09). The results showed that each material treatment produced a different response in suppressing phenolic compounds in each cultivar. The melatonin treatment resulted in the lowest percentage of browning intensity, which also had the best impact on morphology, callus size, wet weight,and the percentage of live explants.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b). Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Ajijah N, Hartati RS (2016) Pengaruh sitokinin, jenis eksplan, dan genotipe terhadap embriogenesis somatik kakao. J Tanam Ind Penyegar 3:71-82. doi: 10.21082/jtidp.v3n2.2016.p71-82
Andaryani S, Samanhudi, Yunus A (2019) Effect of BAP and 2,4-D on callus induction of Jatropha curcas in vitro. Cell Biol Dev 3:56-65. doi: 10.13057/cellbioldev/t030202
Arnao MB, Hernández-Ruiz (2018) Melatonin and its relationship to plant hormones. Ann Bot 121:195-207. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcx114
Asmila, Basri Z, Yusuf R, Hawalina (2017) Callus induction of cacao clone sulawesi 1 on various concentrations of 2,4-D and coconut water via in vitro culture. Agroland: Agric Sci J 4:35-41. doi: 10.22487/j24077593.2017.v4.i1.9535
Aulia IM, Rustikawati, Inoriah E (2020) Respon temu putih dan temu mangga dengan pemberian BA dan 2, 4-D secara in vitro. Gema Agro 25:92-102. doi: 10.22225/.25.2.2608.92-102
Bano AS, Khattak AM, Basit A, Alam M, Shah ST, Ahmad N, Mohamed HI (2022) Callus induction, proliferation, enhanced secondary metabolites production and antioxidants activity of Salvia moorcroftiana L. as influenced by combinations of auxin, cytokinin and melatonin. Braz Arch Biol Technol 65:1-14. doi: 10.1590/1678-4324-2022210200
Bustami MU, Werbrouck S (2017) Comparison of two protocols for somatic embryo induction in a sulawesi elite Theobroma cacao L. clone. Act Hortic 1155:71-76. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1155.9
Cai X, Wei H, Liu C, Ren X, Thi LT, Jeong BR (2020) Synergistic effect of NaCl pretreatment and pvp on browning suppression and callus induction from petal explants of Paeonia lactifora Pall. 'Festival Maxima'. Plants 9:1-13. doi: 10.3390/plants9030346
Claudia G, Corrêa F, Findley S, Almeida AA, Costa M, Motamayor JC, Marelli JP (2016) Optimization of somatic embryogenesis procedure for commercial clones of Theobroma cacao L. Afr J Biotechnol 15:1936-1951. doi: 10.5897/AJB2016.15513
Daouda K, Modeste KK, Edmond KK (2019) Induction of somatic embryos of recalcitrant genotypes of Theobroma cacao L. J App Biosci 133:13552-13560. doi: 10.4314/jab.v133i1.7
Directorate General of Plantations (2021) Statistik Perkebunan Unggulan Nasional 2019-2021. Sekretariat Direktorat Jendral Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian, Jakarta
Fanata WID, Setiawan DE, Sholikhah AM (2022) Pengaruh penambahan inhibitor etilen dan senyawa antioksidan terhadap regenerasi kalus padi mentik wangi susu. Agrikultura 33:236-246. doi: 10.24198/agrikultura.v33i2.38064
Gallego Rúa AM, Henao Ramirez AM, Urrea Trujillo AI, Atehortua GL (2016) Polyphenols distribution and reserve substances analysis in cacao somatic embryogenesis. Acta Biol Colomb 21:335-345. doi: 10.15446/abc.v21n2.50196
Haliani, Wardah, Suwastika IN (2015) Callus induction and propagation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones sulawesi 2 in various concentration of 2,4-D, BAP adding with coconut water. Agroland: Agric Sci J 2:111-120. doi: 10.22487/agroland.v2i2.350
Hanafy AA, Darwish E, Alobaidy MG (2017) Impact of putrescine and 24-epibrassinolide on growth, yield and chemical constituents of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) plant grown under drought stress conditions. Asian J Plant Scie 16:9-23. doi: 10.3923/ajps.2017.9.23
Henao-Ramírez AM, de la Hoz Vasquez T, Osorio TMO, Garcés LA, Trujillo AIU (2018) Evaluation of the potential of regeneration of different colombian and commercial genotypes of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) via somatic embryogenesis. Sci Horticulturae 229:148-156. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.10.040
Horstman A, Bemer M, Boutilier K (2017) A Transcriptional view on somatic embryogenesis. Regeneration 4:201-216. doi: 10.1002/reg2.91
Irshad M, He B, Liu S, Mitra S, Debnath B, Li M, Rizwan HM, Qiu D (2017) In vitro regeneration of Abelmoschus esculentus L. cv. Wufu: Influence of anti-browning additives on phenolic secretion and callus formation frequency in explants. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 58:503-513. doi: 10.1007/s13580-017-0301-3
Isda MN, Fatonah S, Sari LN (2016) Pembentukan tunas dari biji manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) asal bengkalis dengan penambahan BAP dan madu secara in vitro. Al-Kauniyah J Biol 9:119-124. doi: 10.15408/kauniyah.v9i2.3376
Jafari M, Shahsavar AR, Talebi M, Hesami M (2022) Exogenous Melatonin protects lime plants from drought stress-induced damage by maintaining cell membrane structure, detoxifying ROS and regulating antioxidant systems. Horticulturae 8: 257-277. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae8030257
Jones AMP, Saxena PK (2013) Inhibition of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L.: A novel approach to reduce oxidative browning in plant tissue culture. PloS One 8:1-13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076802
Kartika L, Atmodjo PK, Purwijantiningsuh LME (2014) Kecepatan induksi kalus dan kandungan eugenol sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.) yang diperlakukan menggunakan variasi jenis dan konsentrasi auksin. J Biol 1:1-15
Kaya A, Dongalar ZB (2019) Melatonin improves the multiple stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum). Sci Hortic 256:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.05.036
Kim S (2020) Antioxidant compounds for the inhibition of enzymatic browning by polyphenol oxidases in the fruiting body extract of the edible mushroom Hericium erinaceus. Foods 9:1-18. doi: 10.3390/foods9070951
Kuluev BR (2020) Darkening of plant tissues during in vitro cultivation and methods for its prevention. Biotekhnol 36:26-42. doi: 10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-2-26-42
Kurniasari D, Yulianti E, Sugiyarto L, Mercuriani IS (2019) Increasing Rhynchostylis retusa’s callus formation by immersing explant in ascorbic acid and planting on activated charcoal contained medium. J Phys Conf Ser:1-8. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1241/1/012060
Limbongan J (2014) Teknologi multiplikasi bibit bermutu untuk peningkatan produktivitas dan kualitas hasil tanaman kakao. IAARD Press. Jakarta. doi: 10.21082/pip.v7n3.2014.125-134
Merthaningsih NP, Yuswanti H, Astiningsih AM (2018) Induksi Kalus pada kultur pollen phalaenopsis dengan menggunakan asam 2,4-diklorofenoksiasetat. Agrotrop: J Agric Sci 8:47-55
Modeste KK, Eliane MT, Daouda K, Brahima SA, Tchoa K, Kouablan KE, Mongomaké K (2017) Effect of antioxidants on the callus induction and the development of somatic embryogenesis of cocoa [Theobroma cacao (L.)]. Aust J Crop Sci 11:25-31. doi: 10.21475/ajcs.2017.11.01.pne174
Montoya TO, Ramírez AMH, de la Hoz T (2022) Propagation of IMC67 plants, universal cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) rootstock via somatic embryogenesis. Science 22:78-94. doi: 10.1080/15538362.2021.2023067
Nazir M, Asad Ullah M, Mumtaz S, Siddiquah A, Shah M, Drouet S, Abbasi BH (2020) Interactive effect of melatonin and UV-C on phenylpropanoid metabolite production and antioxidant potential in callus cultures of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L. var purpurascens). Molecules 25:1072. doi: 10.3390/molecules25051072
Nischal N, Mir H, Rani R, Pal AK (2018) Effect of antioxidants in controlling phenol exudation in micropropagation of Litchi cv. Purbi. Curr J Appl Sci Technol 31:1-7. doi: 10.9734/CJAST/2018/45992
Nofanda H, Rahayu T, Hayati A (2016) Peranan penambahan BAP dan NAA pada pertumbuhan kalus kedelai (Glycine max Merr) menggunakan media B5. Biosaintropis (Bioscience-Tropic) 2:35-45. doi: 10.33474/e-jbst.v2i1.61
Pancaningtyas S (2021) The evaluation of java fine flavor cocoa propagation through somatic embryogenesis technique for germplasm preservation. E3S Web Conf 306:01056. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202130601056
Rasud Y, Habil M, Tony T (2019) Penggunaan 2,4-D untuk induksi kalus klon kakao unggul sulawesi 1. J-PEN Borneo: Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian 2:1-7
Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Zhou Z, Cruz MHC, Fuentes-Broto L, Galano A (2015) Phytomelatonin: Assisting plants to survive and thrive. Molecules 20:7396-7437. doi: 10.3390/molecules20047396
Roostika I, Wati RPDL, Sukmadjaja D (2015) Pengaruh PVP dan DIECA terhadap regenerasi meristem tebu. Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 7:9-14. doi: 10.21082/bultas.v7n1.2015.9-14
Shah SH, Ali S, Jan SA, Din JU, Ali GM (2014) Assessment of silver nitrate on callus induction and in vitro shoot regeneration in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.). Pak J Bot 46:2163-2172
Shi H, Chen K, Wei Y, He C (2016) Fundamental issues of melatonin-mediated stress signaling in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 7:1124. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01124
Shofi M (2017) Daya hambat perak nitrat (AgNO3) pada perkecambahan biji kacang hijau (Vigna radiata). Al-Kauniyah 10:98-104. doi: 10.15408/kauniyah.v10i2.4869
T Safwat G, Abdul-Rahman, Fatima, El Sharbasy S (2015) The effect of some antioxidants on blackening and growth of in vitro culture of banana (Musa spp. cv. Grand naine). Egypt J Genet Cytol 44:47-59
Vásquez-Hernández S, Cruz-Cruz CA, Santiago-Santiago M, Bello-Bello JJ (2020) Evaluation of different antioxidants during in vitro establishment of allspice (Pimenta dioica L. Merrill): A recalcitrant species. Res Square:1-16. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-21190/v1
Yelnititis (2013) Induksi embrio somatik Shorea pinanga Scheff. pada kondisi fisik media berbeda. J Pemuliaan Tanam Hutan 7:73-84. doi: 10.20886/jpth.2013.7.2.73-84
Zhang J, Shi Y, Zhang X, Du H, Xu B, Huang B (2017) Melatonin suppression of heat-induced leaf senescence involves changes in abscisic acid and cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling pathways in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Environ Exp Bot 138:36-45. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.02.012
Zhao S, Wang H, Liu K, Li L, Yang J, An X, Li P, Yun L, Zhang Z (2021) The role of JrPPOs in the browning of walnut explants. BMC Plant Biol 21:1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12870-020-02768-8