INSULIN: PRODUKSI, JENIS, ANALISIS, DAN RUTE PEMBERIAN
Main Article Content
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, or both. In 2019, people with DM reached 463 million in the world and will increase to 700 million by 2045. The total global health costs for DM treatment reach the US $760 billion. This review aims to explain the production, types, analysis, and route of insulin delivery. Human insulin is the first recombinant protein produced using genetic engineering. Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris are commonly host cells for producing human insulin and analogues. Currently, human insulin and analogues have replaced insulin derived from animal pancreas extracts. Analysis of insulin can be carried out through immunoassays, chromatography, and electrochemical biosensors. The route of delivery of insulin can be through subcutaneous injection, nasal, oral, and transdermal. Insulin is the primary drug in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In some cases, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires insulin for its treatment. The development of insulin delivery routes will improve compliance, convenience, and treatment effectiveness for DM patients.
Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan penyakit kelainan metabolisme yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia karena kekurangan insulin, resistensi insulin, atau keduanya. Pada tahun 2019, penderita DM mencapai 463 juta di dunia dan akan meningkat menjadi 700 juta pada tahun 2045. Total biaya Kesehatan global untuk penanganan DM mencapai US $760 miliar. Telaah ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang produksi, jenis, analisis, dan rute pemberian insulin. Insulin manusia merupakan protein rekombinan yang pertama diproduksi menggunakan rekayasa genetika. Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dan Pichia pastoris merupakan sel inang yang umum digunakan untuk memproduksi insulin manusia dan insulin analog. Saat ini, insulin manusia dan insulin analog telah menggantikan insulin yang berasal dari ekstrak pankreas hewan. Analisis insulin dapat menggunakan immunoassay, kromatografi, dan biosensor elektrokimia. Rute pemberian insulin dapat melalui injeksi subkutan, nasal, oral, dan transdermal. Insulin digunakan sebagai obat utama pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1). Dalam beberapa kasus, diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) memerlukan insulin untuk pengobatannya. Pengembangan rute pemberian insulin akan meningkatkan kepatuhan penderita DM dan efektivitas pengobatan.
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