BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION TEST IN POWDER-FORMULATED Helicoverpa armige-ra NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS (HaNPV1) SUBCULTURE
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (HaNPV1) is a subculture derived from the original HaNPV, and it has been cultivated in Spodoptera litura larvae as an alternative host. HaNPV1 was subsequently formulated using gypsum and talcum as carrier media. Following this formulation, a bacterial contamination test was conducted to assess the quality of the viral formulation. The experiment was arranged in the randomized factorial block design (RFBD) with 2 replications. The viral formulations was stored for 16 weeks and the samples were taken every two weeks for contamination analysis. The data was then analyzed with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post-hoc using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The variable observed was the number of the bacterial colonies cultivated on the specific media i.e., Nutrient Agar (NA), Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) and Eosin Methilen Blue Agar (EMB). The results showed that the bacterial contaminants was detected from 0 to 12 weeks of storage time. However, the highest contamination was found in viral formulation after 8 weeks of storage time and the highest bacterial contaminations were recorded from all viral formulation tested in NA. The results indicated that the bacterial contamination were found around 1.45 × 109 cfu/gram and 1.97 × 109 cfu/gram in gypsum and talcum formulations, respectively. On SSA and EMB media, the bacteria contaminants from all formulation found in 8 weeks of storage time, but Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli (aspathogenic bacteria) were not found. After 12 weeks storage time, there was no indication of contamination found in all media. Furthermore, Bacillus species was found as a most dominant contaminant in all samples. In conclusion, although the viral formulations using gypsum and talc were not contaminated by pathogenic bacteria such Salmonella, Shigella, or E. coli. Nevetherless, the viral formulation was still easily contaminated by other non-pathogenic bacterial species. Thus, a more standardized and stricted strategy needs to be developed for a better viral formulation product.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b). Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Abid, M., Khan, M., Mushtaq, S., Rana, M., Afzaal, S., & Haider, M. (2019). A Review On Future Of Baculaviruses As A Microbial Bio Control Agent. World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 4, 1. https://doi.org/10.33865/wjb.004.03.0221
Afolami, O., & Oladunmoye, M. (2017). Baculoviruses: Emerging Frontiers for Viral Biocontrol of Insect Pests of Agricultural Importance. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 5(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2017/35927
Alam, N., Mushtaq, F., Hussain, M., & Parveen, S. (2019). Analysis and Characterization of Consumer Talcum Powder Marketed in Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Review Analysis and Characterization of Consumer Talcum Powder Marketed in Pakistan. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Review GATR, 3(3), 1–8.
Antony, A. C., Paul, M. K., Silvester, R., Aneesa, P. A., Suresh, K., DIvya, P. S., Paul, S., Fathima, P. A., & Abdulla, M. H. (2016). Comparative evaluation of EMB agar and hicrome E. coli agar for differentiation of green metallic sheen producing non E. Coli and typical E. Coli colonies from food and environmental samples. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 10(4), 2863–2870. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.10.4.48
Arthurs, S., & Dara, S. K. (2018). Microbial biopesticides for invertebrate pests and their markets in the United States. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, August 2017, 0–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2018.01.008
Ashfaq, M. Y., Al-Ghouti, M. A., Al Disi, Z. A., & Zouari, N. (2020). Investigating the microorganisms-calcium sulfate interaction in reverse osmosis systems using SEM-EDX technique. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(4), 103963. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2020.103963
Belda, I. M., Beperet, I., Williams, T., & Caballero, P. (2019). Genetic variation and biological activity of two closely related alphabaculoviruses during serial passage in permissive and semi-permissive heterologous hosts. Viruses, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070660
Brenner, D. J., Staley, J. T., & Krieg, N. R. (2001). Classification of Procaryotic Organisms and the Concept of Bacterial Speciation. In D. R. Boone, R. W. Castenholz, & G. M. Garrity (Eds.), Bergey’s manual of Systematic Bacteriology (second edi, pp. 27–31). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21609-6_4
Cakmak, T., Simon, O., Kaydan, M. B., Tange, D. A., Rodríguez, A. M. G., Díaz, A. P. B., Murillo, P. C., & Suárez, E. H. (2021). Effects of several UV-protective substances on the persistence of the insecticidal activity of the Alphabaculovirus of Chrysodeixis chalcites (ChchNPV-TF1) on banana (Musa acuminata, Musaceae, Colla) under laboratory and openfield conditions. PLoS ONE, 16(5 May), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250217
Cappuccino, J. G., & Sherman, N. (2014). Microbiology a Laboratory Manual (10th ed.). Pearson Education.
Fox, E. M., Jiang, Y., & Gobius, K. S. (2018). Key pathogenic bacteria associated with dairy foods : On-farm ecology and products associated with foodborne pathogen transmission. International Dairy Journal, 84, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.03.013
Grzywacz, D. (2017). Basic and Applied Research: Baculovirus. Microbial Control of Insect and Mite Pests, 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803527-6.00003-2
Haase, S., Sciocco-Cap, A., & Romanows-ki, V. (2015). Baculovirus Insecticides in Latin America: Historical Overview, Current Status and Future Perspec-tives. Viruses, 7(5), 2230-2267.
Jakubowicz, V., Taibo, C. B., Sciocco-Cap, A., & Arneodo, J. D. (2019). Biological and molecular characterization of Rachiplusia nu single nucleopolyhedrovirus, a promising biocontrol agent against the South American soybean pest Rachiplusia nu. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 166, 107211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2019.107211
Lamboro, T., Ketema, T., & Bacha, K. (2016). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella and Shigella Species Isolated from Outpatients, Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4210760
Landwehr, A. (2021). Benefits of Baculovirus Use in IPM Strategies for Open Field and Protected Vegetables. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4(January), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.593796
Mari, J. M., Mari, S., Kumar, S., & Sultana, R. (2019). Utilization of biocontrol agents in the management of okra pests. 03(01), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.003.01.0086
Meikle, W. G., Mercadier, G., Guermache, F., Bon, M.-C., (2012). Pseudomonas contamination of a fungus-based bi-opesticide: Implications for honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) health and Varroa mite (Acari: Varroidae) control. Biological Control, 60, 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.12.004.
Miranti, M. W. Hermawan, Melanie, R. P. Hadi, D. B. Sugiarto, and D. E. . N. (2015). The Potential of Subculture Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyherdosis Virus as an Alternate Synthetic Insecticides to Control Insect Pests in Cabbages Plantation (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 184–188.
Mondal, P., & Kumar, A. (2021). Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ( NPV ): An overview. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 10(June), 12–19.
Monjane, J., Uane, R., & Munguambe, F. (2019). Manuscript Info Abstract Introduction : - ISSN : 2320-5407 Material and methods : -. 7(2), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/8513
Mweke, A., Rwomushana, I., Okello, A., Chacha, D., Guo, J., Luke, B. (2023). Management of Spodoptera frugiper-da J.E. Smith Using Recycled Virus Inoculum from larvae treated with Baculovirus under Field Conditions. Insects, 14, 686, https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14080686.
Presa-Parra, E., Lasa, R., Reverchon, F., Simón, O., & Williams, T. (2020). Use of biocides to minimizes microbial contamination in Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus prepa-rations. Biological Control, 151, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104408.
Rajashekhar, M., & Kalia, V. K. (2017). Biochemical and molecular characterization of Bacillus spp. isolated from insects. ~ 581 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(5), 581–588. https://blast.ncbi.
Sepehrnia, N., Bachmann, J., Ali, M., Afyuni, M., & Andreas, M. (2018). Colloids and Surfaces B : Biointerfaces Modeling Escherichia coli and Rhodococcus erythropolis transport through wettable and water repellent porous media. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 172(August), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.08.044
Stephane, A., Vallaeys, T., & Planchon, S. (2017). Spore-forming bacteria responsible for food spoilage. 168, 379–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2016.10.003
Tariq, M. R., Shaheen, F., Mustafa, S., Sajid, A. L. I., Fatima, A., Shafiq, M., Safdar, W., Sheas, M. N., Hameed, A., & Nasir, M. A. (2022). Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms isolated from medicinal plants improve growth of mint. PeerJ, 10, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13782
Thangavel, P., & Sridevi, G. (2015). Environmental sustainability: Role of green technologies. Environmental Sustainability: Role of Green Technologies, February, 1–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2056-5
Wijayaratne, L. K. W., Arthur, F. H., & Whyard, S. (2018). Methoprene and control of stored-product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research, 76, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2016.09.001
Wilson, K., Grzywacz, D., Curcic, I., Scoates, F., Harper, K., Rice, A., Paul, N., & Dillon, A. (2020). A novel formulation technology for baculoviruses protects biopesticide from degradation by ultraviolet radiation. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70293-7