KERAMIK MUATAN KAPAL KARAM DI PERAIRAN UTARA CIREBON: BUKTI PELAYARAN JARINGA KUNO

Abstract

ABSTRAK

                Penemuan kapal karam dengan berbagai jenis muatannya di perairan Nusantara, memperkuat data sejarah tentang peranan Nusantara pada masa lampau, baik sebagai jalur lalu lintas pelayaran dan perdagangan antarpulau maupun antarbenua. Salah satu kapal karam yang ditemukan terdapat di perairan utara Cirebon, muatan yang paling dominan adalah keramik. Komoditi ini, memberikan bukti arkeologi lebih kongkret tentang rangkaian proses pendistribusian barang dari tempat pembuatan (produsen-kiln) ke konsumen, serta variabilitas, kronologi dan ware, sehingga diperoleh kepastian variasi barang apa saja yang diperdagangkan dan pola persebaranya (distribution), tidak hanya sesama komoditi keramik, tetapi juga dengan barang komoditi lainnya. Hasil analisis mauatan keramik muatan kapal karam perairan utara Cirebon, dapat diketahui range kronologi antara akhir anad ke-9 – 10: Late Tang, Five Dynasti, Song Utara, dan Liao, produk Propinsi Zhejiang. Barang-barang keramik ini dapat dipastikan sebagai barang komoditi yang dimuat dalam kapal untuk didistribusikan ke Negara konsumen, antara lain Nusantara. Oleh karena itu, melalui data ini, memungkinkan kami dapat memandang wilayah Nusantara di masa lampau dalam perspektif lebih luas, seperti dala bentuk hubungan perniagaan antarwilayah dan jarak jauh. (Long Distance) dengan Negara lain pada masa lampau; kendatipun hanya sebatas periode kehadiran keramik.

Kata kunci: keramik, kapal karam, pelayaran dan perdagangan

ABTRACT. Ceramics as The Commodity of A Shipwreck in the Waters North of Cirebon: evidence of Ancient Trading network

                The discovery of a shipwreck with various type of cargo in the archipelago, reinforce historical data of the archipelago In the past, such as a trading network betwee inter-island shipping and  trade as well as inter-island shipping and trade as well as interregional. One of Shipwreckis found in the waters north of Chirebon, the most dominant cargo is ceramics. These  commodities, provide more concrete Archeological evidnce about of distribution proses ceramic from place of production (produces-klin) to consumers, as well as variability, chronology and ware, so that the certainty of my variety of ceramics traded and the distribution pattern, not only with ceramics commodity, but also with other commodity goods. The results of the analysis of ceramics, it can be seen the range chronology between 9^th – 10^th Century: Late Tang, Five Dynasti, Northern Song dan Liao, Zhejiang Provience products. Ceramics item can be confirmed as a commodity item that appeared in the ship to be distributed to the consumer countries, including Indonesia. ceramics is the principal key to the existence of international commercial network in the past. Therefore, ceramics becomes a significant subject of studies, since it enables us to find evidences to explain the long-distance trade that had occurred in the past; despite the presence of only limited ceramics period.

Key word: ceramics, shipwreck, shipping and trading