Facies and Depositional Environment Analysis of Limestone in Citeureup Area, West Java, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Citeureup area in West Java Province hosts Middle Miocene limestone outcrops belonging to the Klapanunggal Formation, which has long been considered a promising source of raw material for Indonesia’s cement industry. Despite its economic significance, detailed sedimentological studies and facies characterization of this formation remain limited. This study aims to identify the dominant lithofacies and reconstruct depositional environments to understand the formation’s genesis and assess its resource potential. Thin-section petrographic analysis, enhanced with blue epoxy resin, was employed to identify porosity, fossil assemblages, and mineral composition. The investigation revealed three primary facies types: packstone, boundstone, and dolomitic grainstone. The packstone and dolomitic grainstone facies are interpreted to have formed in reef-flat settings, associated with shallow, high-energy marine conditions. The boundstone facies, in contrast, are linked to reef-crest environments subjected to more dynamic hydrodynamic regimes. These findings point to a depositional system characteristic of a carbonate platform shaped by variable energy conditions. The presence of abundant skeletal grains, well-developed porosity, and mature mineralogical features indicates the limestone’s high potential as a quality raw material for cement production. Beyond its industrial relevance, the study enhances sedimentological insights into the Klapanunggal Formation and provides a scientific basis for informed resource evaluation and sustainable exploitation strategies in similar carbonate settings.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. Introduction
By using or sharing content from EKSPLORIUM - Buletin Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Galian Nuklir ("the Journal"), you agree to follow these Terms and Conditions. The Journal's content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA) license. If you do not agree to these terms, please do not use the content.
2. How You Can Use the Content
-
Share: You can copy, share, and distribute the work, but only for non-commercial purposes.
-
Adapt: You can change, remix, or build on the work, as long as it is for non-commercial purposes and you share it under the same license (CC BY-NC-SA).
3. Attribution (Giving Credit)
When you use or share the content, you must:
-
Give proper credit to the author(s).
-
Mention the title of the work and the journal name.
-
Provide a link to the license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).
-
Indicate if you made any changes to the work.
4. Non-Commercial Use
You cannot use the work to make money or for any commercial activities. For example, you cannot sell or use the content in advertisements.
If you want to use the content for commercial purposes, you need to get permission from the author(s) or the publisher.
5. ShareAlike
If you make changes to the content (like creating a new version or remixing it), you must share your new version under the same CC BY-NC-SA license.
6. Exclusions
Some materials in the Journal may have different licenses or restrictions, such as third-party content (like images or datasets). You must respect the rules for those materials.
7. No Warranty
The content is provided "as is." The authors and publisher do not guarantee that the content is error-free or suitable for any specific purpose. Use the content at your own risk.
8. Modifications and Withdrawal of Content
The publisher and authors can update or remove content at any time. If content is removed, the previous versions will still follow these terms.
9. Ethical Use
You must use the content ethically and follow all relevant laws. This includes properly citing the original authors and not misusing the content.
10. Legal Compliance
You are responsible for making sure your use of the content follows the laws of your country. If you believe content violates your rights, please contact us.
11. Changes to Terms
These Terms and Conditions may be updated from time to time. Any changes will be posted on the Journal's website.
12. Contact Information
For questions about these Terms or for permission to use content commercially, please contact us at:
-
Email: eksplorium@brin.go.id
-
Website: https://ejournal.brin.go.id/eksplorium
Conclusion
By using the content from EKSPLORIUM - Buletin Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Galian Nuklir, you agree to follow these Terms and Conditions and the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International License.
References
[1] A. M. Qaid, N. Alqubati, and A. M. Al-Hawbani, “Physical and Geochemical Assessment of Limestone of Amran Group in Arhab Area-North Sana’a for Industrial Uses,” Tech. Biochem., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 28–38, Jun. 2021,. [Online]. Available: https://techniumscience.com/index. php/biochemmed/article/view/3617. [Accessed: May 9, 2025]
[2] S. U. Rehman, K. Mehmood, M. F. Ullah, N. Ahsan, F. Rehman, T. Mahmood, and M. Ahmed, “Sedimentology of Marl and Marly Limestone Sequence of Upper Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation from Northern Kalachitta Range, Attock Hazara Fold and Thrust Belt, Pakistan,” Open J. Geol., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2019, doi: 10.4236/OJG.2019.91001.
[3] D. Smrzka, J. Zwicker, W. Bach, D. Feng, T. Himmler, D. Chen, and J. Peckmann, “The Behavior of Trace Elements in Seawater, Sedimentary Pore Water, and Their Incorporation into Carbonate Minerals: A Review,” Facies, vol. 65, no. 4, 2019, doi: 10.1007/S10347-019-0581-4.
[4] M. Gusman, B. Muchtar, N. Syah, M. D. Akbar, and A. V. Deni, “Estimations of Limestone Resources using Three Dimension Block Kriging Method, a Case Study: Limestone Sediment at PT Semen Padang,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 314, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/314/1/012069.
[5] T. Syahrulyati, T. Syahrulyati, S. Irianto, and Y. Suhendi, “Reserve Potential Sandy Clay as a Raw Materials Cement Village Hambalang, County Citeureup District Bogor Province Jawabarat - Indonesia,” Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 3.20, pp. 398–401, 2018, doi: 10.14419/ ijet.v7i3.20.20580.
[6] M. F. Qodri and R. A. Sopamena, “Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of The Wonosari Formation Limestone at Gunungkidul Indonesia as Preliminary Investigation of Portland Cement Raw Material,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1151, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1151/1/012026.
[7] N. Mohamad, K. Muthusamy, R. Embong, A. Kusbiantoro, and M. H. Hashim, “Environmental Impact of Cement Production and Solutions: a Review,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 48, no. March, pp. 741–746, 2021, doi: 10.1016/ j.matpr.2021.02.212.
[8] A. A. Shehata, A. A. Kassem, H. L. Brooks, V. Zuchuat, and A. E. Radwan, “Facies Analysis and Sequence-Stratigraphic Control on Reservoir Architecture: Example from Mixed Carbonate/Siliciclastic Sediments of Raha Formation, Gulf of Suez, Egypt,” Mar. Pet. Geol., vol. 131, p. 105160, 2021, doi: 10.1016/ J.MARPETGEO.2021.105160.
[9] F. A. Yosef, L. Jum’a, and M. Alatoom, “Identifying and Categorizing Sustainable Supply Chain Practices Based on Triple Bottom Line Dimensions: Evaluation of Practice Implementation in the Cement Industry,” Sustain., vol. 15, no. 9, 2023, doi: 10.3390/su15097323.
[10] S. Barbhuiya, F. Kanavaris, B. B. Das, and M. Idrees, “Decarbonizing Cement and Concrete Production: Strategies, Challenges and Pathways for Sustainable Development,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 86, p. 108861, 2024, doi: 10.1016/ J.JOBE.2024.108861.
[11] S. A. Kasim, M. Suhaili Ismail, N. Ahmed, and A. Rashid, “Facies Analysis, Petrography and Textural Characteristics of the Onshore Paleogene-Neogene Lawin Basin, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia: Insights into Palaeodepositional Environment and Provenance,” J. Asian Earth Sci. X, vol. 9, no. April, p. 100150, 2023, doi: 10.1016/ j.jaesx.2023.100150.
[12] Abdurrokhim, “Carbonate Reef of the Klapanunggal Formation in the Bogor Trough, West Java,” J. Geol. Sci. Appl. Geol., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 33–43, 2017, doi: 10.24198/ gsag.v2i1.13422.
[13] A. J. Campos Magalhães, D. G. Carnier Fragoso, G. P. R. Gabaglia, G. J. S. Terra, A. H. de Melo, P. R. O. Andrade, F. Guadagnin, and F. P. Lima-Filho, “Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic and Carbonate Successions: Applications for Exploration and Production of Natural Resources,” Brazilian J. Geol., vol. 51, no. 4, p. e20210014, 2021, doi: 10.1590/2317-4889202120210014.
[14] M. Saba, L. N. Hernandez-Romero, J. Lizarazo-Marriaga, and E. E. Quiñones-Bolaños, “Petrographic of Limestone Cultural Heritage as the Basis of a Methodology to Rock Replacement and Masonry Assessment: Cartagena De Indias Case of Study,” Case Stud. Constr. Mater., vol. 11, p. e00281, 2019, doi: 10.1016/ J.CSCM.2019.E00281.
[15] I. Yousef, V. P Morozov, A. N Kolchugin, V. Sudakov, I. Idrisov, and A. Leontev, “Microfacies Analysis and Depositional Environment of the Upper Devonian Dankovo-Lebedyansky Sediments, Tatarstan, Volga-Ural Basin, Russia,” Pet. Res., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 244–255, 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.PTLRS.2022.07.003.
[16] M. H. Adabi, M. A. Salehi, and A. Ghabeishavi, “Depositional Environment, Sequence Stratigraphy and Geochemistry of Lower Cretaceous Carbonates (Fahliyan Formation), South-West Iran,” J. Asian Earth Sci., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 148–160, 2010, doi: 10.1016/ J.JSEAES.2010.03.011.
[17] J. E. Embry, A.F. and Klovan, “A Late Devonian Reef Tract on Northeastern Banks Island,” Canadian Petroleum Geology. [Online]. Available: https://www.scirp.org/reference/ referencespapers?referenceid=1881550. [Accessed: May 9, 2025]
[18] C. G. S. C. Kendall and P. Flood, “Classification of Carbonates,” Encycl. Earth Sci. Ser., vol. Part 2, pp. 193–198, 2011, doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_269.
[19] J. C. Laya, J. Sulaica, C. P. Teoh, F. Whitaker, T. Gabellone, M. E. Tucker, P. Tesch, B. Miller, K. Prince, and I. Izaguirre, “Controls on Neogene Carbonate Facies and Stratigraphic Architecture of an Isolated Carbonate Platform – The Caribbean Island of Bonaire,” Mar. Pet. Geol., vol. 94, pp. 1–18, 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.MARPETGEO. 2018.03.031.
[20] R. J. Dunham, “Classification of Carbonate Rocks According to Depositional Texture. In Ham, W.E., Ed., Classification of Carbonate Rocks.,” AAPG, Tulsa, [Online]. Available: https://www.scirp.org/ reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1676736. [Accessed: May 9, 2025].
[21] P. A. Scholle, N. P. James, and J. F. Read, “Carbonate Sedimentology and Petrology,” p. 160, 1989.
[22] M. T. Dorsey, T. K. Rockwell, G. H. Girty, G. A. Ostermeijer, J. Browning, T. M. Mitchell, and J. M. Fletcher, “Evidence of Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation Driving Elemental Mass Redistribution in an Active Fault Zone,” J. Struct. Geol., vol. 144, p. 104269, 2021, doi: 10.1016/ J.JSG.2020.104269.
[23] A. J. C. Magalhães, A. H. Melo, G. J. S. Terra, D. G. C. Fragoso, U. M. Soares, and F. P. Lima-Filho, “High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of The Ponta Do Mel Formation, Potiguar Basin, Brazil: Insights into Shallow-Marine Carbonate Reservoir Zonation and Characterization,” Pet. Res., 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.PTLRS. 2024.12.002.
[24] E. Merino and A. Banerjee, “Terra Rossa Genesis, Implications for Karst, and Eolian Dust: a Geodynamic Thread,” J. Geol., vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 62–75, 2008, doi: 10.1086/524675.
[25] I. A. Okewale, H. Grobler, and A. F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi, “Assessment of Carbonate Rocks for Engineering Applications Considering Mineralogical, Geochemical and Geotechnical Attributes,” Innov. Infrastruct. Solut., vol. 9, no. 10, 2024, doi: 10.1007/S41062-024-01701-4.
