Integrating Factorial Design and Sustainable Porogen Templating for Controlled Surface Area in Hydroxyapatite
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55981/jsmi.2026.16683Keywords:
Hydroxyapatite, Specific surface area, Precipitation method, Natural rubber latex, Factorial design, Porous biomaterialsAbstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a widely used biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity. Its specific surface area (SSA) is a key parameter governing protein adsorption, cell attachment, and tissue integration. In this study, porous HA was synthesized via a precipitation method using natural rubber latex as a biodegradable porogen. The effects of reaction temperature (X₁), stirring speed (X₂), and latex ratio (X₃) on SSA were systematically investigated using a 2³ full factorial design with center points. This work introduces a data-driven synthesis approach integrating statistical design with a sustainable porogen system to resolve parameter interactions beyond conventional methods. Reaction temperature was identified as the dominant factor, increasing SSA from ~23–26 m²/g to 41–60 m²/g between 70 and 90 °C. Stirring speed and latex ratio showed minor individual effects but exhibited condition-dependent interactions with temperature. The regression model demonstrated good predictive capability (R² = 0.95, RMSE = 4.21 m²/g), although a significant lack-of-fit indicated underlying nonlinear behavior. Mechanistically, higher temperature promotes nucleation-dominated growth, while excessive stirring induces agglomeration. These findings provide a robust framework for tailoring HA surface properties and advancing the design of porous biomaterials for biomedical applications.
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