ROLES OF PREPARATION METHOD ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPRAMOLECULAR-STRUCTURED POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL BASED ON SULFONATED POLYSTYRENE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17146/jsmi.2017.18.4.4130Keywords:
PEMFC, Sulfonated Polystyrene, Polistirena Tersulfonasi, PE-g-MA, Supramolecular Structure, Struktur SupramolekularAbstract
ROLES OF PREPARATION METHOD ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPRAMOLECULARSTRUCTURED POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL BASED ON SULFONATED POLYSTYRENE. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell with supramolecular structure based on Sulfonated Polystyrene (S-PS) have been developed in Research Centre for Physics LIPI. In forming the supramolecular structure sulfonate groups in S-PS are aligned with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) which carried out by dissolution of the constituent and mixing of both. The alignment of sulfonate groups in s-PS is carried out in a liquid form. Therefore, in this study, the effect of concentration of the solution of both polymers constituent to the alignment of the sulfonate groups and the characteristics of the membrane produced is studied. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images show that all membranes prepared are rigid. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studied show very significance differences in its crystal sizes. XRD diffraction data also support the previous results. Membrane prepared from very dilute solution having better ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake and ionic conductivity. Therefore, the experiments results showing that very low concentration of polymer constituent, clearly, produced better interaction of both, which agree with hyphotesis in this work where supramolecular structure can be formed by mixing two very dilute polymer solutions.
ABSTRAK
PERAN METODE PREPARASI PADA KARAKTETISTIK DARI POLIMER ELEKTROLIT MEMBRAN FUEL CELL DENGAN STRUKTUR SUPRAMOLEKULAR BERBASIS POLISTIREN TERSULFONASI. Polimer Elektrolit Membran Fuel Cell dengan struktur supramolekular berbasis polistirena tersulfonasi (S-PS) telah dikembangkan di Pusat Penelitian Fisika LIPI. Pada pembentukan struktur supramolekular gugus sulfonat pada polistirena tersulfonasi diarahkan dengan polietilen-graft-anhidrida maleat (PE-g-MA) yang dilakukan dengan melarutkan kedua bahan penyusun tersebut. Pengarahan gugus sulfonat dari S-PS dilakukan dalam kondisi cair. Karenanya, dalam studi ini, efek dari konsentrasi dari kedua larutan polimer penyusun pada pengarahan gugus karbonat dimaksud dan karakteristik-karakteristik dari membran yang dihasilkan akan dipelajari. Image SEM menunjukkan bahwa semua membran yang dibuat adalah rigid. Studi DSC menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang sangat berarti pada ukuran kristal. Data XRD juga mendukung hasil-hasil yang diperoleh. Membran yang dibuat dengan larutan yang sangat encer memiliki kapasitas petukaran ion (EIC), tangkapan-air dan konduktifitas ionik yang lebih baik. Oleh karenanya, data eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa dengan larutan yang sangat encer dari polimer penyusunnya, secara nyata, menghasilkan interaksi diantara polimer penyusun yang lebih baik, yang mana hal ini sesuai dengan hipotesis penyusunan struktur supramolekular melalui pencampuran dua polimer dengan konsenstrasi sangat encer.
Downloads
References
L. Gubler and G. G. Scherer. “Trends for Fuel Cell Membrane Development.” Desalination, vol. 250, pp. 1034-1037. 2010.
B. Pengq and J. Chen. “Functional materials with high-efficiency energy storage and conversion for batteries an fuel cells,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews , vol. 253, pp. 2805-2813, 2009.
K. A. Mauritz and R. B. Moore. “State Understanding of Nafion.” Chemical Review, vol. 104, pp.4535-4585, 2004.
M. Rikukawa and K. Sanui. “Proton-Conducting Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Based on Hydrocarbon Polymers.” Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 25, pp. 1463-1502, 2000.
K. Kordesch and G. Simader. “Chapter 4,” in Fuel Cells and Their Applications, Weinheim, 1996.
J. Larminie and A. Dicks. “in Fuel Cell System Explained.” Great Britain : Wiley, 2000.
T. V. Nguyen and N. Vanderborgh. “The Rate of Isothermal Hydration of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes.” J. Membr. Sci., vol. 143, p. 235. 1998.
W. S. Ho and K. K. Sirkar. “Membrane Handbook”. NewYork : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992, pp. 236-237.
C. Wannek, A. Glusen and d. Stolten. “Materials, manufacturing technology and costs of fuel cell membranes.” Desalination, vol. 250, pp. 1038-1041. 2010.
R. E. Rosli, A. B. Sulong, W. R. Daud, M. A. Zulkifley, T. Husaini, M. I. Rosli, E. Majlan and M. A. Haque. “A Review of High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC) System.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, pp. 9293-9314. 2017.
H. Lade, V. Kumar, G. Arthanareeswaran and A. F. Ismail. “Sulfonated Poly (Arylene Ether Sulfone) Nanocomposite Electrolyte Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications : A review.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, pp. 1063-1074. 2017.
M. A. Hickner, H. Ghassemi, Y. S. Kim, B. R. Einsla and J. E. McGrath. “Alternative Polymer Systems for Proton Exchange Membranes (PEMs).” Chemical Review, vol. 104, pp. 4587-4612, 2004.
A. Chandan, M. Hatternberger, A. El-kharouf, S. Du, A. Dhir, V. Self, B. G. Pollet, A. Ingram and W. Bujalski. “High Temperature (HT) Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) A review.” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 231, pp. 264-278, 2013.
E. Bakangura, L. Wu, L. Ge, Z. Yang and T. Xu. “Mixed Matrix Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells : State of the art and perspectives.” Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 57, pp. 103-152. 2016.
S. E. Bozbag and C. Erkey, “Supercritical Fluids in Fuel Cell Research and Development (Review),” The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, vol. 62, pp. 1-31. 2012.
D. S. Su and G. Centi, “A Perspective on Carbon Materials for Future Energy Application.” Journal of Energy Chemistry, vol. 22, pp. 151-173, 2013.
A. B. Yaroslavtsev. “Composite Materials With Ionic Conductivity : from Inorganic Composites to Hybrid Membranes.” Russian Chemical Reviews. vol. 11, pp. 1013-1029, 2009.
D. V. Golubenko, E. Y. Safronova, A. B. Ilyin, N. V. Shevlyakova, V. A. Tverskoi, L. Dammak, D. Grande and A. B. Yaroslavtsev. “Influence of The Water State on The Ionic Conductivity of Ion-Exchange Membranes Based on Polyethylene And Sulfonated Grafted Polystyrene.” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 197, pp. 192-199, 2017.
N. Kang, J. Shin, T. S. Hwang and Y. -S. Lee. “A Facile Method for The Preparation of Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride) Membranes Filled with Cross-Linked Sulfonated Polystyrene.” Reactive and Functional Polymers, vol. 99, pp. 42-48. 2016.
E. F. Abdrashitov, D. A. Kritskaya, V. C. Bokun, A. N. Ponomarev, K. S. Novikova, E. A. Sanginov and Y. A. Dobrovolsky. “Synthesis and properties of stretched polytetrafluoroethylene–sulfonated polystyrene nanocomposite membranes.” Solid State Ionic, vol. 286, pp. 135-140. 2016.
P. Kumar, K. Dutta, S. Das and P. K. Kundu. “Membrane Prepared by Incorporation of Crosslinked Sulfonated Polystyrene in The Blend of Pvdf-Co-HFP/Nafion : A Preliminary Evaluation for Application in DMFC.” Applied Energy, vol. 123, pp. 66-74, 2014.
E. Y. Safronova, D. V. Golubenko, N. V. Shevlyakova, M. G. D’yakova, V. A. Tverskoi, L. Dammak, D. Grande and A. B. Yaroslavtsev. “New Cation-Exchange Membranes Based on CrossLinked Sulfonated Polystyrene and Polyethylene for Power Generation Systems.” Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 515, pp. 196-203. 2016.
J. -P. Shin, B. -J. Chang, J. -H. Kim, S. -B. Lee and D. H. Suh. “Sulfonated Polystyrene/PTFE Composite Membranes.” Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 251, pp. 247-254. 2005.
P. Kumar, K. Dutta, S. Das and P. P. Kundu. “Membrane prepared by incorporation of crosslinked sulfonated polystyrene in the blend of PVdF-co-HFP/Nafion : Apreliminary evaluation for application in DMFC.” Applied Energy, vol. 123, pp. 66-74, 2014.
H. -G. Haubold, T. Vad and H. Jungblud. “Nanostructure of NAFION : a SAXS study.”Electrochimica Acta, vol. 46, no. 10-11, pp. 1559-1563, 2001.
W. Heinen, C. H. Rosenmöller, C. B. Wenzel, H. J. de Groot, J. Lugtenberg and M. van Duin., “13 CNMR Study of the Grafting of Maleic Anhydride onto Poyethene, Polypropene, and Ethene-Propene Copolymers.” Macromolecules, vol. 29, pp. 1151-1157. 1996.
M. Sclavons, V. Carlier, B. De Roover, P. Franquinet, J. Devaux and R. Legras. “The Anhydride Content of Some Commercial PP-g-MA : FTIR and Titration,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 62, pp. 1205-1210. 1996.
I. Vicente, J. Campos, J. M. Bordado and M. R. Ribeiro. “Maleic Anhydride Modified Ethylene Diene Copolymers : Synthesis and Properties,” Reactive and Functional Polymer. vol. 68, pp. 519-526, 2008.
P. M. Doty and H. Mark. “Size and Shape of Macromolecues in Solution.” Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 682-686. 1946.
S. Hendrana, “Metode Kontrol Sulfonasi Molekular Pada Sulfonasi Heterogen Fasa Gas- Cair”. Indonesia Patent P0020090096, - - 2009.
W. -F. Su, “Chapter 2 Polymer Size and Polymer Solutions,” in Principles of Polymer Design and Synthesis, Vols. LNC, V 82, Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 2013, DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-38730-2_2.
R. L. Thankamony, J.-M. Hwang and T.-H. Kim. “Azide-Assisted Terminal Crosslinking Of Ionomeric Blocks: Effects on Morphology and Proton Conductivity.” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 392-393, pp. 58-65. 2012.
M. M. Mench. “Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells.” in Fuel Cell Engines, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, 2008, pp. 298-301.
C.-Y. Jung and S.-C. Yi. “Influence of The Water Uptake in The Catalyst Layer for The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.” Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 35, pp. 34-37, 2013.
S. Galbiati, A. Baricci, A. Casalegno and R. Marchesi. “Experimen study of water transport in a polybenzimidazole-based high temperature PEMFC.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 37, pp. 2462-2469., 2012.
T. V. Reshetenko, G. Bender, G. Bethune and R. Rocheleu. “Systematic studies of The Gas Humidification Effects on Spatial PEMFC Performance Distributions,” Electrochimica Acta, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.elecacta.2012.02.111, pp.
Z. Wan, H. Chang, S. Shu, Y. Wang and H. Tang. “A Review on Cold Start of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.” Energies, vol. 7, pp. 3179-3203, 2014.
E. López-Chávez, Y. Pçna-Castañeda, G. González-García, P. Perales-Enciso, A. García-Quiroz and J. I. Díaz-Góngora. “Theoretical methodology for Calculating Water Uptake and Ionic Exchange Capacity Parameters of Ionic Exchange Membranes with Applications in Fuel Cells.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 40, pp. 17316-17322, 2015.
S. Chaudary, V. K. Sachan and P. K. Bhattacharya. “Two Dimensional Modelling of Water Uptake in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 39, pp.17802-17818. 2014.
A. Danch and W. Osoba. “Structural Relaxation of the Constrained Amorphous Phase in the Glass Transition Zone.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorymetry, vol. 72, pp. 641-650, 2003.
I. Bocharnikova, L. A. Wasserman, A. V. Krivandin, J. Fornal, W. Blaszczak, V. Y. Chernykh, A. Schiraldi and P. V. Yuryev. “Structure and Thermodynamic Melting Parameter of Wheat Starches with Different Amylose Content.” Journal of Thermal Analaysis and Calorimetry, vol. 74, pp. 681-695. 2003.
S. H. de Almeida and Y. Kawano. “Thermal Behaviour of Nafion Membrane.” Journal of Thermal Analysis dan Calorimetry, vol. 58, pp. 569-577. 1999.
F. H. Sànchez, J. M. M. Dueñas and J. G. Ribelles. “Influences of the Molecular Mass on the Segmental Relaxation Times of Polystyrene Determined by DSC.” Journal of ThermalAnalysis dan Calorimetry, vol. 72, pp. 631-640, 2003.
V. M. Barragán and M. Pérez-Haro. “Correlations Between Water Uptake and Effective Fixed Charge Concentration at High Univalent Electrolyte Concentrations in Sulfonated Polymer Cation Exchange Membranes with Different Morphology,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 56, pp. 8630-8637. 2011.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
