RAGAM TUMBUHAN DALAM KONTEKS PERMUKIMAN DI SITUS KUTA BAGINDA, BERAU, KALIMANTAN TIMUR
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Abstract
Situs Kuta Baginda merupakan situs hunian komunitas Dayak di Berau yang dimulai pada abad ke-14 Masehi. Selain temuan artefaktual, di situs tersebut terdapat jejak-jejak pemanfaatan sumber daya alam yang melimpah, terutama tulang ikan dan cangkang kerang, serta adanya sejumlah kecil tulang hewan darat. Sementara itu, potensi sumber daya lain, khususnya tumbuhan belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ragam tumbuhan di situs Kuta Baginda dalam kaitannya dengan penghunian situs tersebut. Dalam upaya menjawab permasalahan penelitian dan mencapai tujuan tersebut, dilakukan analisis terhadap mikrofosil tumbuhan berupa fitolit yang diperoleh dari sisa tanah (loose dirt) yang masih melekat pada fragmen gerabah. Hasil analisis fitolit menunjukkan bahwa ragam tumbuhan dalam konteks awal hunian komunitas Dayak di situs Kuta Baginda didominasi oleh jenis tumbuhan berkayu atau semak, disusul jenis palem dan jenis rumput-rumputan yang tidak begitu banyak. Hal ini berbeda dari kondisi tumbuhan pada fase penghunian setelah abad ke-14 Masehi yang menunjukkan peningkatan dan dominasi palem, yang disertai berkurangnya secara signifikan tumbuhan berkayu atau semak, serta rumput-rumputan. Perubahan dominasi tumbuhan tersebut terkait dengan campur tangan manusia sejak fase awal penghunian dan fase selanjutnya di situs Kuta Baginda. Beberapa jenis tumbuhan, seperti kelapa, sagu, dan tumbuhan berkayu, diperkirakan telah dimanfaatkan untuk menunjang kehidupan penghuni situs, baik untuk konsumsi maupun konstruksi. Dominasi tumbuhan palem pada fase penghunian setelah abad ke-14 Masehi sepadan dengan peningkatan intensitas penghunian yang ditunjukkan oleh kuantitas artefak dan sisa-sisa fauna.
The Kuta Baginda Site in Berau was a Dayak community settlement dating back to the 14th century. The site was abundant in traces of utilization of natural resources such as fish bones, shells, and terrestrial animal bones. The variety of plant species at the site was unknown until phytolith analysis was conducted. The analysis revealed that woody plants or shrubs dominated the early occupation phase, followed by a small quantity of palm and grass species. However, the post-14th century occupation phase showed increased dominance of palm trees, with a significant reduction in woody plants, shrubs, and grasse, with a significant reduction in woody plants or shrubs and grasses. This change in the dominance of plants is related to human intervention. Some plant species, such as coconut, sago, and woody plants, were utilized for consumption and construction. The increase in palm trees corresponds to the intensity of occupation growth, as indicated by the number of artefacts and faunal remains.
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References
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