From Individual Trauma to Family Trauma: Forms and Symptoms of Trauma in Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis (1915)

Abstract

This study investigates psycho-trauma in The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka (1915), focusing on its forms and symptoms of trauma as experienced by the main characters. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach to examine how trauma is represented through the psychological, emotional, and physical conditions of the characters in the novella. The findings reveal that Gregor Samsa, as the main character, experiences dominant trauma characterized by catastrophic transformation and intrusive phenomena. These forms of trauma are reflected in various emotional and psychological symptoms, including shock, denial, confusion, anxiety, fear, guilt, anger, and hopelessness, as well as physical symptoms such as insomnia, bodily pain, agitation, and fatigue. Gregor’s transformation into a monstrous verminous insect functions as the central traumatic event that disrupts his identity and daily functioning.  Furthermore, the study finds that other family members also experience trauma in response to Gregor’s condition. Grete shows emotional instability that develops from care into rejection and hostility, while Mr. Samsa exhibits anger and aggressive reactions, and Mrs. Samsa demonstrates fear, helplessness, and emotional fragility. These findings indicate that trauma is not limited to the individual level but also emerges within relational and familial contexts. The study concludes that trauma in The Metamorphosis operates as a process of psychological transmission within the Samsa family. Gregor’s transformation acts as the initiating traumatic event that generates secondary trauma among other family members, ultimately reshaping family relationships and leading to emotional fragmentation and family disintegration.