Radiation Dose Optimization of Breast Cancer with Proton Therapy Method Using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17146/tdm.2021.23.2.6290Keywords:
Breast Cancer, Proton Therapy, Dose Optimization, PHITSAbstract
Radiotherapy is one of the cancer treatments conducted by giving a high dose of radiation to the tumor target while minimizing the dose exposed to the healthy organs. One of the available methods is proton therapy. It is usually used in several breast cancer cases while minimizing the damage in the surrounding tissues due to having good precision. In this study, proton therapy in breast cancer will be simulated. This study aims to identify the optimal dose in breast cancer therapy using proton therapy and to identify the dose exposed in the surrounding organs. This study uses simulation based PHITS program to model the geometry and the components of breast cancer and the surrounding organs. The source of radiation is proton with the intensity of 2.62 × 1010 proton/s. The variation in beam modelling towards the dose profile of the tumor used is uniform and pencil beam. The proton energy used is 70 MeV up to 120 MeV. The result of this study shows that the dose from using pencil beam scanning technique is 50.3997 Gy (W) with the total amount of fraction of 25. The dose is below the threshold. Doses in the healthy organs are as follow. The skin received 4.0553 Gy per fraction, the left breast received 0.0011 Gy per fraction, the right breast received 2.6469 Gy per fractions, the right lung received 0.0125 Gy per fraction, the left lung received 0.029 Gy per fraction, the rib received 0.0179 Gy per fraction, and the heart received 0.0077 Gy per fraction.
References
World Health Organization, Breast Cancer. WHO. 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer.
Hug E.B. Proton Therapy for Primary Breast Cancer. Breast Care. 2018. 13(3): 168-172.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000489893
Newhauser W.D., Zhang R. The Physics of Proton Therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2015. 60: 155-209.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/60/8/R155
Dinesh Mayani D. Proton Therapy for Cancer Treatment. J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. 2011. 17(3): 186-190.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155210375858
Otero J., Felis I., Herrero A., Merchán J.A., Ardid M. Bragg Peak Localization with Piezoelectric Sensors for Proton Therapy Treatment. Sensors (Switzerland). 2020. 20(10): 2987.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102987
Chuong M., Kaiser A., Molitoris J., Romero A.M., Apisarnthanarax S. Proton Beam Therapy for Liver Cancers. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 2020. 11(1): 157-165.
https://doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2019.04.02
Leroy R., Benahmed N., Hulstaert F., Mambourg F., Fairon N., Van Eycken E., et al. Hadron Therapy in Children - an Update of the Scientific Evidence for 15 Paediatric Cancers. 2015. KCE Report 235.
Chen Y., Grassberger C., Li J., Hong T.S., Paganetti H. Impact of Potentially Variable RBE in Liver Proton Therapy. Phys. Med. Biol. 2018. 63(19): 195001.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aadf24
Paganetti H. Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) Values for Proton Beam Therapy. Variations as a Function of Biological Endpoint, Dose, and Linear Energy Transfer. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2014. 59(22): R419.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/59/22/R419
Choi J., Kang J.O. Basics of Particle Therapy II: Relative Biological Effectiveness. Radiation Oncology Journal. 2012. 30(1): 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.3857/roj.2012.30.1.1
Unkelbach J., Botas P., Giantsoudi D., Gorissen B.L., Paganetti H. Reoptimization of Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Plans Based on Linear Energy Transfer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2016. 96(5): 1097-1106
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.08.038
Bekelman J.E., Lu H., Pugh S., Baker K., Berg C.D., De Gonzalez A.B., et al. Pragmatic Randomised Clinical Trial of Proton Versus Photon Therapy for Patients with Non-metastatic Breast Cancer: The Radiotherapy Comparative Effectiveness (RadComp) Consortium Trial Protocol. BMJ Open. 2019. 9(10): e025556.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025556
Lechner A. Particle interactions with matter. in: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings. 2018.
Marshall T.I., Chaudhary P., Michaelidesová A., Vachelová J., Davídková M., Vondráček V., et al. Investigating the Implications of a Variable RBE on Proton Dose Fractionation Across a Clinical Pencil Beam Scanned Spread-Out Bragg Peak. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2016. 95(1): 70-77.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.02.029
Sato T., Iwamoto Y., Hashimoto S., Ogawa T., Furuta T., Abe S. ichiro, et al. Features of Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) version 3.02. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 2018. 55(6): 684-690.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2017.1419890
Takada K., Sato T., Kumada H., Koketsu J., Takei H., Sakurai H., et al. Validation of the Physical and RBE-weighted Dose Estimator Based on PHITS Coupled with a Microdosimetric Kinetic Model for Proton Therapy. J. Radiat. Res. 2018. 59(1): 91-99.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrx057
Siwi D.B. Analisis Dosis di Organ Kritis pada Terapi Globlastoma dengan Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Menggunakan Metode Simulasi MCNP5. Thesis, UGM. 2013.
Hutnik M., Składowski K., Wygoda A., Rutkowski T., Pilecki B. Tolerance Doses of Critical Organs in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Treated with Radiation Therapy. Nowotwory. 2013. 63(1): 35-47.
