LANSKAP SPIRITUAL SITUS LIYANGAN
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Liyangan archaeological site in the village of Purbasari, Residency Temanggung, Central Java, is an Old Mataram settlement predictably existed from around 8th to 10th century CE. In this site, which was buried by thick layers of pyroclastic materials of Gunung Sindoro eruption, various artefacts as well as stone structures are found including pavement, altars, retaining walls, water-temple, and remains of wooden structures. One of the most interesting aspect of this site is the orientation of the stone structures. Although the whole settlement was arranged to follow the sloping contour of the Mount Sindoro, most of the stone structures were oriented to southeast, which was not common for stone shrines built at the same period. This paper attempts to explain the reason for such an exceptional orientation using landscape archaeological approach. Our research demonstrates that the ten Liyangan stone structures were oriented to either Mount Merapi, Baka Hill, or the Prambanan temple. The orientation of the stone structures is believed as a reflection of the spatial map and the cosmology of the community lived in Liyangan centuries ago. It is suggested here that such an orientation represents the so-called “spiritual landscapeâ€of the people.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abbas. N. (ed.). (2014). Liangan: Mozaik Peradaban Mataram Kuno di Lereng Sindoro. Yogyakarta: Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta.
Allerton, C. (2009). Introduction: Spiritual Landscapes of Southeast Asia. Anthropological Forum, 19 (3), 235-251.
Andrianto, A. (2014). Biji Jagung Purba Ditemukan di Situs Liyangan, Tempo Online 24 Oktober 2014. (www. nasionaltempo.co)
Atmadi, P., (1977). Bunga Rampai Arsitektur dan Pola Kota Keraton Majapahit, dalam S. Kartodirdjo, dkk. 700 Tahun Majapahit (1293 – 1993). (h.117 – 130). Jawa Timur: Dinas Pariwisata Daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur.
Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta. (2012). Laporan Penelitian Arkeologi Situs Liyangan, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, Tahun 2012. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Tim Penelitian.
Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta. (2013). Laporan Penelitian Arkeologi Situs Liyangan, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, Tahun 2013 Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Tim Penelitian.
Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta. (2014). Laporan Penelitian Arkeologi Permukiman Masa Mataram Kuna Situs Liyangan, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Tim Penelitian.
Casparis, J.G. de. (1950). Prasasti Indonesia I. A.C. Nix and Co, Bandung.
Casparis, J.G. de. (1956). Prasasti Indonesia II. Masa Baru Bandung.
Christie, J.W. (1990). Wanua, Thani, Paraduwan: the Disintegrating Village in Early Java?, Manuscript. 1 May 1990. Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hull, England.
Eriawati. Y. (2014). Keramik Cina Dinasti Tang Abad IX Masehi dari Situs Liangan, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, dalam Abbas. N. (ed.), Liangan: Mozaik Peradaban Mataram Kuno di Lereng Sindoro (hlm. 215–265). Yogyakarta: Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta.
Grattan, J and R. Torrence. (2007). Beyond Gloom and Doom: The long term Consequences of Volcanic Disaster, dalam J. Grattan and R. Torrence (eds), Living Under The Shadow: the Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruption (hlm 1-18). Left Coast Press.
Istari, T.M. Rita. (2014). Pendataan TemuanLepas Tinggalan Arkeologis Situs Liangan dan Sekitarnya. Dalam Abbas (ed.) Liangan: Mozaik Peradaban Mataram Kuno di Lereng Sindoro (hlm. 201–214). Yogyakarta: Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta
Knapp, A.B. and W. Ashmore. (1999). Archaeological Landscapes: Constructed, Conceptualised, Ideational. Dalam Archaeologies of Landscapes: Contemporary Perspectives (eds) W. Ashmore and A.B. Knapp (hlm. 1-30). Blackwell, Oxford.
Layton, R. and P.J. Ucko. (1999). Introduction: gazing on the landscape and encountering the environment, dalam Layton, R. and P.J. Ucko (eds.) The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape Shaping Your Landscape (hlm. 1-20). Routledge.
Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J.E. van. (1955). The Dikpalakas in Ancient Java, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 111, 356 – 384.
Muchtar, A.S. (2014). Wanua i Rukam, Nama Asli Situs Liangan ? Dalam Abbas (ed.) Liangan: Mozaik Peradaban Mataram Kuno di Lereng Sindoro (hlm. 149 – 163). Yogyakarta: Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta
Muljana, S. (2006). Sriwijaya. Yogyakarta: LKis.
Nastiti, T.S. (1982). Tiga Prasasti Masa Balitung. Jakarta: Puslitarkenas.
Noerwidi, S. (2014). Sisa Rangka Manusia dari Situs Permukiman Mataram Kuna – Liangan, temanggung, Jawa Tengah. Dalam Abbas (ed.) Liangan: Mozaik Peradaban Mataram Kuno di Lereng Sindoro (hlm. 293 – 320). Yogyakarta: Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta
Nurnusanto, I. (2014). Catatan Geologis Geologi Situs Candi Liangan, dalam Abbas (ed.) Liangan: Mozaik Peradaban Mataram Kuno di Lereng Sindoro (hlm. 117 – 122). Yogyakarta: Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta.
Putra, R., I Nurdin, H. Pamungkas, dan S. Dwiyono. (2013). Penyelidikan Stratigrafi untuk Mengetahui Sejarah Geologi Daerah Candi Liangan, Purbosari, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah. Buletin Berkala Merapi Vol 13 No. 3 Desember 2013, 42 – 52.
Resiyani, W. (2010). Toponim Masa Kini Berasal dari Sumber Prasasti abad IX – X Masehi yang ditemukan di Kabupaten Temanggung, Jawa Tengah. (Skripsi). Sarjana Jurusan Arkeologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
Riyanto, S. (2014a). Prolog. Dalam Abbas (ed.) Liangan: Mozaik Peradaban Mataram Kuno di Lereng Sindoro (hlm. 1 – 29). Yogyakarta: Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta.
Riyanto, S. (2014b). Menggali Peradaban Mataram Kuno di Liangan Tahap Demi Tahap. Abbas (ed.) Liangan: Mozaik Peradaban Mataram Kuno di Lereng Sindoro (hlm. 31 – 115). Yogyakarta: Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta.
Setyawati, K. (1995). Naskah-naskah Merapi-Merbabu, Koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional Indonesia (Tinjauan Awal). Humaniora I, 1995, 35 – 42.
Sheet, P. (2007). People and Volcanoes in the Zapotitan Valley, El Salvador, dalam J. Grattan and R. Torrence (eds), Living Under The Shadow : the Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruption (hlm. 67-89). Left Coast Press
Soekmono. (1977). Candi Fungsi dan Pengertiannya. (Disertasi). Jakarta: UI.
Sukhyar et.als. (1992). Peta Geologi Gunungapi Sundoro, Jawa Tengah. Direktorat Geologi Bandung, 1992.
Sukhyar R, Sumartadipura N S, dan Erfan R D, (1992). Geologic map of Sundoro volcano, Central Java. Volcano Survey Indonesia. Peta Geologi Sundaro skala1:50,000.
Tacon, P.S. (2011). "Landscape: Politics and Perspectives". Antiquity, April, 2011 diperoleh dari http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3284/is_n260_ v68/ain28647571/
Tanudirjo, D.A. (2011). Dampak Erupsi Gunung Merapi Terhadap Candi Borobudur, dalam Sutopo, M (ed.), Menyelamatkan Candi Borobudur dari Erupsi Merapi (hlm. 99-116). Magelang: Balai Konservasi Peninggalan Borobudur.
Thomas, J. (2001). Archaeologies of Places and Landscapes, dalam I. Hodder (ed), Archaeological Theory Today (hlm. 165-186). Polity Press.
Tuan, Fi Yu, (1977). Space and Place, The Perspective of Experience. Minnesota University Press. Mineapolis.
UNESCO. (2012). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. World Heritage Centre Paris.
Wunderman, R (ed.), (2013). Global Volcanism Program: Report on Sundoro (Indonesia), Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 38: 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201308-263210
Wunderman, R (ed.). (2013). Report on Sundoro (Indonesia) Global Volcanism Program 2013. Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 38. (http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201308-263210)
Yuwono, J.S.E. (2013). Kajian Spasio-Temporal Lereng Utara Gunung Sindoro dalam Hubungan Kewilayahan dengan Situs Liyangan, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah. Laporan Penelitian Jurusan Arkeologi FIB UGM (tidak diterbitkan).
