MANFAAT METODE PENGAYAKAN BASAH BAGI ANALISIS FAUNA DARI SITUS KUTA BAGINDA, KALIMANTAN TIMUR
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Abstract
Ekskavasi untuk memperoleh temuan pada situs arkeologi kadang kala mengabaikan aktivitas pengayakan (sieving). Padahal, penggunaan metode pengayakan dalam suatu ekskavasi ditujukan untuk memaksimalkan temuan dan menjawab kelimpahan data. Aktivitas dry dan wet sieving kebanyakan dilakukan dalam penelitian di situs-situs prasejarah, sedangkan di situs-situs masa historis kurang menjadi perhatian. Situs Kuta Baginda abad ke-14 Masehi yang terletak di Kalimantan Timur merupakan situs yang dijadikan contoh bahwa penggunaan ayakan dengan ukuran saringan kecil pada proses ekskavasi berhasil memperoleh temuan yang dapat mengungkap karakteristik pemukiman secara lebih detail. Salah satu temuan arkeologis yang didapatkan dari penggunaan metode pengayakan adalah temuan ekofak fragmen tulang. Proxy tersebut dapat memberikan informasi penting dan komprehensif tentang suatu situs, seperti jenis kegiatan yang telah terjadi dan pola makan
penghuni situs. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah pemahaman tentang sumber protein yang mendukung subsistensi masyarakat pada masa pra kerajaan Berau. Penelitian ini memaparkan pentingnya akuisisi data fauna melalui pengayakan basah (wet sieving) dan analisis sisa-sisa osteologi hewan dari hasil ekskavasi Kuta Baginda tahun 2019 dan 2021. Proxy fauna diidentifikasi berdasarkan bentuk dan taksonnya. Kemudian analisis dimulai dengan tabulasi silang number of identified specimens berdasarkan spesies hewan dan bagian kerangka yang paling umum ditemukan dari setiap spesies di situs Kuta Baginda. Interpretasi data terhadap temuan hasil penerapan metode ayakan kering dan basah menunjukkan bahwa sisa-sisa fauna sumber protein yang dikonsumsi komunitas pada masa tersebut berupa babi, unggas, kerang, ikan laut, dan ikan payau, serta pemanfaatan bagian-bagian tubuh fauna untuk kepentingan lain seperti racun ikan.
The sieving method is used in an excavation to maximize data collection and to manage the abundance of data. This research aims to understand the protein sources that supported community subsistence during the pre-Berau kingdom period. This research explains the importance of faunal data acquisition through wet sieving and analysis of animal osteological remains from the 14th-century Kuta Baginda site. Faunal proxies are identified based on their shape and taxon. Further, the analysis begins with a cross-tabulation of the number of identified specimens based on animal species and the most common skeletal parts found from each species at Kuta Baginda. Data interpretation of proxies obtained with dry and wet sieve methods in the 2019 and 2021 excavations shows that the remains of animal sources of protein consumed by the community at that time were pigs, poultry, shellfish, saltwater fish, and brackish fish, as well as the use of their parts for other purposes such as fish poison.
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