ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT INCREASED SPATIAL MEMORY BUT NO SINGNIFICANT EFFECT ON ANXIETY IN RAT WITH PROPYLTHIOURACIL INDUCTION
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of environmental enrichment on spatial memory and anxiety in Propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced thyroid disorder rats. The design of this study was an experimental post test and controlled group design to analyze differences in spatial memory in rats at the end of the study. The subjects in this study were normal rat pups and Rat with PTU induction. Subjects were divided into 4 groups namely, the control group, the normal group with environmental enrichment, the rat group with PTU induction, and the rat group with PTU induction with environmental enrichment. Each group consisted of 8 rats. At the time the rats were born, the rats were given 0.025% PTU which was mixed in their drink and given to the mother until the rats were born until they were 4 weeks old. Environmental enrichment was carried out for 6 weeks. The spatial memory test in Rat was carried out when the pups were 60 days old. Data analysis used One Way Annova, Kruskal Wallis, Post Hoc Test and Mann-Whitney Test. Enrichment of the environment increased the learning latency time of normal rats by 27.8 ± 1.509 seconds to 9.9 ± 4.434 seconds with memory retention increasing by 6.85% (p <0.05). Environmental enrichment in PTU-induced rats accelerated from 84.5 ± 8.70 to 77 ± 1.383 with memory retention increasing by 7.06% (p <0.05). Environmental enrichment did not significantly affect the behavior and anxiety of normal rats or PTU induced (p>0.05). Environmental enrichment to normal rats and impaired thyroid function can increase spatial memory but has no effect on reducing anxiety.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a). Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b). Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c). Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Amisha F, Rehman A. Propylthiouracil (PTU). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Pub-lishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549828/
Ashokan A, Sivasubramanian M, Mitra R. Seeding Stress Resilience through Inoculation - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736400/
Balietti M, Pugliese A, Fabbietti P, Di Rosa M, Conti F. Aged rats with different performances at environmental en-richment onset display different modu-lation of habituation and aversive memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2019 May 1;161:83–91.
Barret KimE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong’s review of medi-cal physiology 24th edition.pdf [Inter-net]. Google Docs. 2012 [cited 2022 Sep 20]. Available from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1jPiTaWrcSXT3hBdnp0c0FaZ2s/view?usp=embed_facebook
Bayne K. Environmental enrichment and mouse models: Current perspectives. Animal Model Exp Med. 2018 Jul 28;1(2):82–90.
Bernal J. Thyroid Hormones in Brain Devel-opment and Function. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, et al., edi-tors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dart-mouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285549/
Bowden SA, Goldis M. Congenital Hypothy-roidism. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Pub-lishing; 2023 [cited 2023 May 22]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558913/
Brenes JC, Lackinger M, Höglinger GU, Schratt G, Schwarting RKW, Wöhr M. Differential effects of social and phys-ical environmental enrichment on brain plasticity, cognition, and ultra-sonic communication in rats: Envi-ronmental enrichment: Brain and be-havior. J Comp Neurol. 2016 Jun 1;524(8):1586–607.
Chen W, Wang Z, Ma C, Ma X, Meng W, Yin F, et al. Tactile cues are important to environmental novelty during re-peated open field tests. Behavioural Processes. 2023 Jan 1;204:104796.
Cicatiello AG, Di Girolamo D, Dentice M. Metabolic Effects of the Intracellular Regulation of Thyroid Hormone: Old Players, New Concepts. Frontiers in Endocrinology [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 10];9. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00474
Contreras MP, Fechner J, Born J, Inostroza M. Accelerating Maturation of Spatial Memory Systems by Experience: Evi-dence from Sleep Oscillation Signa-tures of Memory Processing. J Neuro-sci. 2023 May 10;43(19):3509–19.
Costall B, Jones BJ, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ, Tomkins DM. Exploration of mice in a black and white test box: validation as a model of anxiety. Pharmacol Bio-chem Behav. 1989 Mar;32(3):777–85.
Depkes RI. Kementerian Kesehatan Repub-lik Indonesia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2023 May 25]. Available from: https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/13010200017/download-pusdatin-profil-kesehatan-indonesia-2010.html
Dewi YLR. Senyawa Goitrogenik dalam Bahan Makanan (Goitrogenik Sub-stances in Foodstuffs). BIOEDUKASI. 2015 Aug 1;8(2):24.
Engle RW. Role of Working-Memory Ca-pacity in Cognitive Control. Current Anthropology. 2010 Jun;51(S1):S17–26.
Farag EA, Filobbos SA, Afifi NM, Mahmoud ST, Alghandour SM. Thyroxine re-stores hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in a male rat model of carbimazole-induced hypothyroidism: a histological study. Beni-Suef Uni-versity Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2023 Jun 6;12(1):57.
Gothié JD, Sébillot A, Luongo C, Legendre M, Nguyen Van C, Le Blay K, et al. Adult neural stem cell fate is deter-mined by thyroid hormone activation of mitochondrial metabolism. Mol Metab. 2017 Aug 19;6(11):1551–61.
Gothié J, Vancamp P, Demeneix B, Rem-aud S. Thyroid hormone regulation of neural stem cell fate: From develop-ment to ageing. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2020 Jan;228(1):e13316.
Hall JE. Guyton and Hall textbook of medi-cal physiology. 13th edition. Philadel-phia, PA: Elsevier; 2016. 1145 p.
Hamouli-Said Z, Tahari F, Hamoudi F, Hadj-Bekkouche F. Comparative study of the effects of pre and post natal ad-ministration of a thyroid drug on tes-ticular activity in adult rat. Folia histo-chemica et cytobiologica. 2007;45(I):51–7.
Han Y, Yuan M, Guo YS, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. The role of enriched envi-ronment in neural development and repair. Front Cell Neurosci. 2022 Jul 21;16:890666.
Hayat NQ, Nadir S, Muneera MJ. The Effect of Hypothyroidism on the Body Weight of Adult Albino Wistar Rats.
Hu C, Luo Y, Wang H, Kuang S, Liang G, Yang Y, et al. Re-evaluation of the in-terrelationships among the behavioral tests in rats exposed to chronic
unpredictable mild stress. PLOS ONE. 2017 Sep 20;12(9):e0185129.
Janver Lab. WISTAR Rat [Internet]. Janvier Labs. 2019 [cited 2023 Jun 9]. Availa-ble from: https://janvier-labs.com/en/fiche_produit/wistar_rat/
Kuo JY, Denman AJ, Beacher NJ, Glanzberg JT, Zhang Y, Li Y, et al. Using deep learning to study emo-tional behavior in rodent models - PMC [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9722968/
Kurniawan LB. Congenital Hypothyroidism: Incidence, Etiology and Laboratory Screening. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY. 2020 Sep 30;26(3):375–80.
Kyriacou A, Kyriacou A, Makris KC, Syed AA, Perros P. Weight gain following treatment of hyperthyroidism—A for-gotten tale. Clinical Obesity. 2019;9(5):e12328.
Lambert T, Fernandez S, Frick K. Different types of environmental enrichment have discrepant effects on spatial memory and synaptophysin level in female mice. Neurobiology of learning and memory. 2005 Jun 1;83:206–16.
Leggio MG, Mandolesi L, Federico F, Spirito F, Ricci B, Gelfo F, et al. Environmen-tal enrichment promotes improved spatial abilities and enhanced dendrit-ic growth in the rat. Behavioural Brain Research. 2005 Aug;163(1):78–90.
Lei X, Wu Y, Xu M, Jones OD, Ma J, Xu X. Physical exercise: bulking up neuro-genesis in human adults. Cell & Bio-science. 2019 Sep 3;9(1):74.
Liu PZ, Nusslock R. Exercise-Mediated Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus via BDNF. Front Neurosci. 2018 Feb 7;12:52.
Liu YH, Zhu J, Constantinidis C, Zhou X. Emergence of prefrontal neuron matu-ration properties by training recurrent neural networks in cognitive tasks. iS-cience. 2021 Oct 22;24(10):103178.
Livingston J, Nelson P, Karthikeyan S, An-tonescu S, Jeffers M, Marzolini S, et al. Exercise and Environmental En-richment as Enablers of Task-Specific Neuroplasticity and Stroke Recovery. Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics. 2016 Feb 12;13.
Mishra R, Phan T, Kumar P, Morrissey Z, Gupta M, Hollands C, et al. Augment-ing neurogenesis rescues memory impairments in Alzheimer’s disease by restoring the memory-storing neu-rons. Journal of Experimental Medi-cine. 2022 Aug 19;219(9):e20220391.
Mora-Gallegos A, Fornaguera J. The effects of environmental enrichment and so-cial isolation and their reversion on anxiety and fear conditioning. Behav-ioural Processes. 2019 Jan 1;158:59–69.
Mutalazimah M, Mulyono B, Murti B, Azwar S. Asupan Yodium, Ekskresi Yodium Urine, dan Goiter pada Wanita Usia Subur di Daerah Endemis Defisiensi Yodium. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal. 2013 Oct 1;8(3):139.
NCKU. Weight to Age-in-Week Table for Rat [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 Jun 9]. Available from: https://animal.ncku.edu.tw/p/412-1130-16363.php?Lang=en
Noli L, Khorsandi SE, Pyle A, Giritharan G, Fogarty N, Capalbo A, et al. Effects of thyroid hormone on mitochondria and metabolism of human preimplantation embryos. Stem Cells. 2020 Mar;38(3):369–81.
Noor Z, Agustiningsih D, Soesatyo MH, Soejono SK. The effect of swimming exercise on thyroid function, spatial memory and anxiety in normal and propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid-ism in Wistar rats. Physiology and Pharmacology. 2021 Sep 10;25(3):231–41.
Noor Z, Safira I, Darmawati I. Sports Games towards Intelligence and Nerve De-velopment of Children in Iodine Defi-ciency Endemic Area. 2023;4(1).
Núñez B, Martínez de Mena R, Obregon MJ, Font-Llitjós M, Nunes V, Palacín M, et al. Cerebral Cortex Hyperthy-roidism of Newborn Mct8-Deficient Mice Transiently Suppressed by Lat2 Inactivation. Plateroti M, editor. PLoS ONE. 2014 May 12;9(5):e96915.
Prezioso G, Giannini C, Chiarelli F. Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Neurons and Neurodevelopment. Hormone Re-search in Paediatrics. 2018 Aug 29;90:1–9.
Rastogi MV, LaFranchi SH. Congenital hy-pothyroidism. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010 Jun 10;5:17.
Remaud S, Gothié JD, Morvan-Dubois G, Demeneix BA. Thyroid Hormone Sig-naling and Adult Neurogenesis in Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lau-sanne). 2014 Apr 28;5:62.
Sadler ME, Miller CJ. Performance anxiety: A longitudinal study of the roles of personality and experience in musi-cians. Social Psychological and Per-sonality Science. 2010;1:280–7.
Samsudin M, Kumorowulan S, Supadmi S. Nilai Diagnostik Indikator Fisik Dibandingkan Baku Emas Untuk Menegakkan Diagnosis Terduga Kretin Pada Batita. Indonesian Jour-nal of Micronutrition. 2014;5(2):149801.
Seibenhener ML, Wooten MC. Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomo-tor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice. J Vis Exp [Internet]. 2015 Feb 6 [cited 2018 Oct 31];(96). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354627/
Seibenhener M, Wooten MC. oen field anxi-ety rat journal - Google Search [Inter-net]. 2015 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. Availa-ble from: https://www.google.com/search?q=oen+field+anxiety+rat+journal&oq=oen+field+anxiety+rat+journal&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i10i160l2.149236633j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Shahid MA, Ashraf MA, Sharma S. Physiol-ogy, Thyroid Hormone. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500006/
Shin MS, Ko IG, Kim SE, Kim BK, Kim TS, Lee SH, et al. Treadmill exercise ame-liorates symptoms of methimazole-induced hypothyroidism through en-hancing neurogenesis and suppress-ing apoptosis in the hippocampus of rat pups. International Journal of De-velopmental Neuroscience. 2013 May 1;31(3):214–23.
Simon A, Zacharin M. Chapter 3 - Thyroid Disorders. In: Zacharin M, editor. Practical Pediatric Endocrinology in a Limited Resource Setting [Internet]. San Diego: Academic Press; 2013 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. p. 69–95. Availa-ble from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124078222000037
Terry AV. Spatial Navigation (Water Maze) Tasks. In: Buccafusco JJ, editor. Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neu-roscience [Internet]. 2nd ed. Boca Ra-ton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2009 [cited 2023 Jun 9]. (Frontiers in Neuroscience). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5217/
Volve KD. Altered Brain Functioning May Explain Cognitive Difficulties and De-pression After Thyroid Hormone With-drawal Following Thyroidectomy [In-ternet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 10]. Available from: https://pro.endocrineweb.com/hyperthyroidism/altered-brain-functioning-may-explain-cognitive-difficulties-depression
Williams BM, Luo Y, Ward C, Redd K, Gib-son R, Kuczaj SA, et al. Environmen-tal enrichment: Effects on spatial memory and hippocampal CREB im-munoreactivity. Physiology & Behav-ior. 2001 Jul;73(4):649–58.
Willner P. The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: History, evalua-tion and usage. Neurobiology of Stress. 2017 Feb 1;6:78–93.
Yavuz S, Salgado Nunez del Prado S, Celi FS. Thyroid Hormone Action and En-ergy Expenditure. J Endocr Soc. 2019 May 16;3(7):1345–56.