Assessment of Environmental Pollution Potential Due to Effluent from Catfish Aquaculture Ponds in an Integrated Chicken-Fish Farming System in Blitar Regency Evaluasi Potensi Pencemaran Lingkungan Akibat Efluen Air Kolam Budidaya Lele pada Sistem Peternakan Ayam-Ikan Terpadu di Kabupaten Blitar

Abstract

Abstrak

Sistem pertanian terpadu ayam-ikan merupakan model agroekologis yang menggabungkan pemeliharaan ayam petelur dan budidaya ikan lele dalam satu siklus produksi. Sistem ini mampu menurunkan biaya pakan hingga 30–40% melalui pemanfaatan kotoran ayam sebagai sumber nutrien bagi ikan. Meskipun memberikan manfaat ekonomi, sistem ini memiliki potensi risiko lingkungan yang signifikan apabila air kolam tidak dikelola dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi pencemaran dari buangan air kolam lele dalam sistem terpadu di Kabupaten Blitar dengan menganalisis parameter kualitas air, meliputi pH, suhu, oksigen terlarut (DO), total padatan terlarut (TDS), total padatan tersuspensi (TSS), kebutuhan oksigen biologis (BOD), kebutuhan oksigen kimiawi (COD), amonia, nitrat, nitrogen total (TN), fosfat total (TP), dan fecal coliform. Studi dilakukan di tiga lokasi, masing-masing terdiri atas dua kolam terpadu, satu kolam kontrol, dan satu sumber air baku. Kolam terpadu menunjukkan kadar BOD, COD, dan fecal coliform tertinggi, yang mengindikasikan kontaminasi organik dan mikrobiologis yang signifikan. Uji-t independen menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05) antara kolam terpadu dan kolam kontrol, sedangkan kolam kontrol tidak berbeda signifikan dengan air baku. Berdasarkan Indeks Pencemar (IP) yang dihitung mengacu pada Kepmen LH No. 115/2003, seluruh kolam terpadu diklasifikasikan dalam kategori tercemar berat (IP>10), dengan beberapa nilai melebihi 2200. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi baru melalui penerapan analisis kuantitatif dan klasifikasi indeks pencemaran pada model budidaya yang masih jarang diteliti, serta menegaskan pentingnya penerapan strategi pengolahan air limbah untuk menjaga keberlanjutan lingkungan dalam praktik akuakultur terpadu.

Abstract

The integrated chicken-fish farming system is an agroecological model that combines layer chicken rearing and catfish aquaculture within a single production cycle. This system reduces feed costs by up to 30–40% through the utilization of chicken manure as a nutrient source for fish. Despite its economic benefits, the system poses a significant environmental risk if pond water is not managed correctly. This study aimed to evaluate the pollution potential of catfish pond effluents within integrated systems in Blitar Regency by analyzing key water quality parameters, including pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphate (TP), and fecal coliform. The study was conducted at three sites, each comprising two integrated ponds, one control pond, and one raw water source. The integrated ponds exhibited the highest BOD, COD, and fecal coliform levels, indicating substantial organic and microbial contamination. Independent t-tests revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between integrated and control ponds, while control ponds showed no significant difference from raw water. Based on the Pollution Index (PI) calculated using the Decree of Minister of Environment of The Republic of Indonesia Number 115 of 2003, all integrated ponds were classified as heavily polluted (PI>10), with some values exceeding 2200. This study provides a novel contribution by applying quantitative pollution indexing to a rarely assessed farming model, offering empirical evidence that supports the urgent need for wastewater treatment strategies to ensure the environmental sustainability of integrated aquaculture practices.